Computer programming

What are the basics of pseudocode?

Pseudocode is a system of notation by which ideas and algorithms can be expressed informally to communicate the design of a computer program. Pseudocode does not detail every single step of the program. It provides a summary of what is happening in the computer program.

How did programming change in the 1970s?

During the 1970s, Microsoft began to release computer-programming software, and a programming language was developed for use in teaching programming.

What are some other things that happened with computer programming in the 1980s?

Borland's Turbo Pascal programming language was released. dBASE programming language and database formulae was developed.

What does the strategy of breaking the solution to a problem into steps do?

Breaking a problem into a series of smaller problems or steps can make the larger problem easier to solve. Not only does this make the problem less intimidating, but you can keep track of the separate steps that lead to a total solution.

What are algorithms?

Computer programs are made up of algorithms. Algorithms are sets of directions for problem solving.

What was programming like in the 1940s?

Computers in the 1940s were programmed by hand by programmers using panel switches to enter instructions and data. Programmers had to know the instruction set for each processor.

What was FORTRAN created for?

FORTRAN was the first high-level programming language and used the first compiler. FORTRAN is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation. It remains a top language in scientific programming.

What was BASIC programming created for?

In 1964, the BASIC programming language was developed at Dartmouth College. BASIC is an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to make it easy for students to write programs at shared terminals while learning programming at the college.

What was pascal programming created for?

Pascal programming language was first defined in 1971, with revisions released in 1973. It was designed to teach programming to college students. Until the 1990s, it was considered the best language for teaching programming.

What are programmers?

People who write computer programs

How did programming change in the 1950s?

The first high-level programming languages were created in the 1950s.

What places are computer programs used?

There are computer programs working behind the scenes in many places. Grocery stores use computer programs to scan the labels on grocery items. Hospitals use computer programs to keep patient records and scan identification bracelets. Colleges use computer programs to register students for classes and calculate grades. Gas stations use computer programs to dispense gas and accept payment. Banks use computer programs to dispense cash and track account balances.

What does an effective problem statement include?

a vision of the way things will function when the problem is solved. a description of the problem, including the issues that create the problem. the method that will be used to solve the problem.

What did John Backus do in the 1950s?

led a team at IBM that developed FORTRAN and its compiler in 1957.

What programming languages can be used with structured programming?

ALGOL Pascal PL/I Turing COBOL

What won't a problem statement do?

A problem statement will not solve a problem, but it will guide the exploration and strategies for finding possible solutions.

What is the importance of an effective problem statement?

An effective problem statement is vital to a successful software development effort because all parties involved will work from this document. If the problem statement is flawed, time and money will be wasted in the production of code that meets the problem statement, but does not meet the needs or solve the actual problem of those involved.

What programming languages can be used with object oriented programming design?

C++ Java LISP Python Ruby Visual BASIC

What did Bjarne Stroustrup do in the 1980s?

C++ programming language was released by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985.

What is the use of a problem statement?

Developing a problem statement is useful in guiding a variety of activities that can be used to solve problems in a software design, such as: focusing the design efforts. focusing the software development efforts. ensuring all design objectives are met. ensuring that the final design benefits the business. ensuring the final design solves the problem identified in the problem statement.

What does a flowchart use?

Flowcharts use predefined shapes to represent the start and finish of a program as well as instructions and decision points. A flowchart is a graphical representation of the set of instructions used to solve a problem.

How does pseudocode connect with data flow?

Pseudocode allows you to see the way data flow through a program. It identifies the data in, the processes needed to produce the desired outputs, and the outputs. With pseudocode in hand, a computer programmer has a clear idea of the necessary steps for a computer program. This is helpful when it comes time to start writing code.

What needs to be in a stakeholder review?

The problem statement should be presented to the people with an interest in the outcome of the project - the stakeholders. During these presentations, feedback should be sought to ensure that: all needs are being met. all constraints have been identified. the problem being addressed is the one that needs to be solved.

What are the advantages of top down design?

There are many advantages programming design: It presents a solution from start to finish. The program is easy to read and debug since it is broken down into smaller pieces. It is straightforward and relatively uncomplicated. The code can be reused, providing programming efficiency.

What are the three types of programming design?

Top-down Structured Object-oriented

What do computer programming languages do?

allow programmers to communicate instructions to the computer

What does a problem statement do?

clearly describes the issues associated with a problem and the method for solving the problem.

What are the steps of computer programming in order?

1. defining the problem, 2. creating a logic problem that can be solved using a computer program, 3. Writing the actual program

What programming languages are used with a top down design?

Ada BASIC C C++ COBOL Java

How do algorithms work?

Algorithms work by providing step-by-step instructions. A computer or human can perform each step as described, then move on to the next step. When all steps are completed, the desired result will be achieved.

What is the context of a computer program called?

Code

What did Grace Murray Hopper do in the 1950s?

found the first computer bug in 1947. She invented the concept of the compiler in 1951 at Remington Rand.

How is data flow communicated?

By studying a flowchart, you can see the way the data move through the process. This is because the flowchart is a graphical representation of the complete solution. This data flow is indicated by arrows. The inputs, steps in the process, and outputs are also indicated in the flowchart.

How are flowcharts used in program design?

Flowcharts help us see how the program works and what results are intended. They also give an idea of what data are needed at each point in the program and the way the data flow, or move, through the process. Knowing the complete process flow from the start enables the programmer to create a computer program that will solve the problem.

What are the elements of a flowchart?

Flowcharts use symbols. Each symbol has a specific meaning. An oval represents the start and end of a program. A parallelogram represents an input or output operation. A rectangle represents a process to be carried out. A diamond represents a decision or branching point. A line connects the symbols and indicates the direction of logic flow.

How should research be based?

Research on the problem statement includes interviewing the appropriate stakeholders, the people who are affected by the situation and who should be consulted for their perspective. Stakeholders on a project could include a company's owners, employees, shareholders, and customers. Research can uncover other ways of achieving solutions to the problem. Research will often result in a clear understanding of the problem and several possibilities for improving it.

What are glitches?

Sometimes the steps lead to an unanticipated glitch. For instance, the directions to a location may include travel along a road that is closed. When this happens, if there is no part of the algorithm designed to handle exceptions, the algorithm will halt; it will not be possible to follow the instructions as written any further.

What will the computer program include?

When the step-by-step instructions are followed, the results will be those anticipated by the programmer. The computer program will include decision points and actions to be taken depending on the decision made.

How should the problem statement be clearly worded?

It is not enough to create a problem statement. The problem statement must be clearly worded. It must communicate the vision, issues, and methods in a way that ensures the people reading it will understand what is being described.

What did Guido van Rossum do in the 1990s?

The Python programming language was released in 1991 by Guido van Rossum. Rossum continues to oversee the evolving Python language.

What do algorithms do?

They take a repetitive task and reduce it to step-by-step instructions, allowing anyone capable of following the steps to achieve the desired result.

What is top down design good for?

a good choice for problems that can be solved with a simple process, such as a simple calculation. The programming design approach: begins by identifying the task to accomplish. breaks the task into simpler and simpler steps.

Why do we use structured programming design?

a good choice for when programmers want to save time and reduce redundancy in programs. This type of programming design is useful when programmers want to solve complex problems by making the code clearer and easier to read and develop.

What are some examples of algorithms?

a recipe. directions to a location. the steps involved in balancing your checkbook.

What is a computer program?

a set of step-by-step instructions that tell a computer exactly what to do.

What did Niklaus Wirth do in the 1970s and 1980s?

developed Pascal in 1971 to be used to teach programming techniques.

What does a complier or interpreter do?

used to translate the high-level programming language into the machine language that the computer can understand.

How are diagramming flowcharts used to communicate a solution?

A flowchart is a diagram that communicates the steps and decision points of an algorithm solution. Using a flowchart to diagram an algorithm makes it easier to learn about how the algorithm works without reading the code itself. The flowchart maps out the information required for each step, the information output from each step, and the flow of information throughout the process. Flowcharts use predefined shapes that represent the start and finish of a program as well as data flow and decision points.

What must be understood to have an effective problem statement?

A problem must be thoroughly understood before an appropriate solution can be devised. An effective problem statement is vital to a successful software development effort because all parties involved will work from this document as they begin to develop new software or modify existing software.

What does top down programming design result in?

A top-down programming design results in computer programs that are made up of one or more modules, which are sections of code that contain one or more routines - or sets of instructions - that perform a specific task.

What was Ada made for?

Ada was published in 1980 as the result of a comprehensive development project by the US Department of Defense (DoD) to create a standardized programming language to replace the 450 programming languages used across the DoD and in the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

What are the advantages of structured programming design?

Advantages of programming design There are many advantages to design: The modular design makes it easy to test and debug. Time can be saved by reusing common procedures within the code. Multiple programmers can work on the code at the same time.

How are algorithms used to communicate a solution?

Algorithms are also used to communicate a solution. This is because anyone who reads through the algorithm can understand the steps, decision points, and actions to be taken. Algorithms can be expressed in flowcharts, pseudocode, documentation about the algorithm, or even code itself.

Why are algorithms useful?

Algorithms take complex tasks, break them into steps that can be followed, and allow automation or delegation of those tasks. Saves time and

What are the characteristics of a problem statement?

An effective problem statement is: based on research. clearly worded. reviewed by stakeholders.

What is object oriented programming design?

An programming design: breaks the solution into independent objects. uses objects that send data to other objects. supports a modular design that encourages the reuse of code. makes use of abstraction, which is the use of an object for a very specific purpose.

How did programming change in the 1940s?

As computers became more advanced, computer programs began to handle some of the entering of the instructions and data. Assembly language, a low-level programming language, would translate the instructions into binary machine language for the computer. Programmers would handwrite the directions in assembly language programs.

What was COBOL created for?

COBOL was one of the earliest high-level programming languages designed for business applications. COBOL is an acronym for Common Business-Oriented Language.

What are the disadvantages of structured programming design?

Disadvantages of design The major disadvantage of programming design is that the solution will be difficult to change once written. The programming design typically only shares procedures within the code rather than as objects that exist independently of the code.

How did programming change in the 1960s?

During the 1960s, two important programming languages were developed

What was C programming created for?

First the B and then the C computer-programming languages were developed in the 1960s at Bell Laboratories. Later in 1973, Unix was written in C programming language. This simple operating system became the inspiration for Linux and Apple OS.

What was Altair BASIC created for?

In 1975, Microsoft announced the release of Altair BASIC, the first programming language for personal computers.

What is another name for breaking a problem into steps called and what does it do?

In a programming problem, these smaller steps result in smaller pieces of code, that can be reused in different ways throughout the larger program. This type of programming is called incremental project design. Incremental is another word for breaking something into smaller pieces.

How did computer programming change in the 1970s and 1980s?

In the 1970 and 1980s, several people were involved in the development of new programming languages, including the following:

What did Sun Microsystems do in the 1990s?

Java programming language was developed at Sun Microsystems and released 1995. Sun Microsystems has since merged with Oracle, which oversees the continued development of the language.

What are the popular programming languages commonly used?

Java, C, C++, Visual BASIC, Python, Perl

What was LISP created for?

LISP was developed and used for research in artificial intelligence.

How did computer programming change in the 1980s?

Many new programming languages were developed and introduced in the 1980s.

What did Microsoft do in the 1980s?

Microsoft developed versions of BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and Pascal for IBM for its personal computer in 1980. Microsoft released Visual BASIC in 1987.

How is modeling used to communicate a solution?

Modeling is not simply a diagram. It communicates the interrelationship between all parts of the solution. Again, take a look at the steps listed for the algorithm for paying invoices and modeling the tasks. You will see how these are modeled in pseudocode on the next page. Identify vendors with payment due. Calculate the amount due. Note the date payment is due. Note if there is an early payment discount. Issue payment when it is due. Issue payment by early payment date if an early payment discount is available. Print checks. Mail payments.

What was Perl programming created for?

Perl programming language was created in 1986. Perl is an acronym for Practical Extraction and Report Language.

What is programming design?

Programming design is the approach taken to writing code. It takes into consideration: the problem being addressed. the goals of the project. the programming language that will be used.

What are the elements of pseudocode?

Pseudocode uses simple and concise words and symbols to represent the different operations of the code. The words stand for specific operations. The symbols stand for types of operations, such as operations that require input, operations where the computer calculates something, and so on. These words and symbols can represent operations as common as value assignments or operations as complex as creating a 3-D image.

What are the disadvantages of object oriented programming design?

Some of the disadvantages of programming include the following: A solution based on objects can be more time consuming to develop. It may not be worth the additional complexity to solve a simple problem.

What are some strategies for exploring solutions?

Some of these strategies include: breaking a solution to a problem into more easily solvable steps. diagramming or modeling a solution. These strategies can be used together or separately. They are repeated to keep defining and refining all of the steps in the solution.

Why is it important to decide on a programming design before making developing a software solution?

Starting out with a design benefits a project because: it communicates decisions about the programming approach to all project team members. it helps to ensure that different parts of the code developed by different programmers will integrate properly. it helps to ensure that code will be easy to read and maintain. it saves time, money, and effort.

What are the disadvantages of top down programming design?

There are disadvantages of programming design: It is difficult to change the code if it is discovered that any of the steps in the process must change. It does not allow for the easy reuse of portions of code to solve problems in other programs because the modules are not separate from the code.

What are the advantages of object oriented programming design?

There are many advantages to using programming design: Abstraction allows programmers to focus on the tasks that are specific to the problem. The same object can be used to process data from a variety of input sources that range from the keyboard to a touchscreen, saving programmers time. It offers programmers the flexibility to make significant changes to code at any time in the development cycle without negatively impacting the overall logic of the program.

What is web based programming?

Web-based programming, also known as browser-based programming, is a significant innovation of the 1990s through the present. Web-based programming enables your web browser to access a server maintained by a large company or other organization. For example, an online merchant uses a server that you can access using your web browser so you can buy products from their website.

What does the strategy of defining a solution do?

When coming up with a solution, diagramming, also called modeling, is used as a graphical representation of the solution to a problem. Flowcharts are standard graphical representations in programming to illustrate the way a computer would run a code solution to a problem. Flowcharts are often used to diagram a programming solution.

What five questions should be asked about the research about the current situation?

Who? What? When? Where? Why?

What can a flowchart do?

With the information flow and key decision points identified, those responsible for solving the problem can test scenarios within the diagram, before any code is actually written. Once the flowchart is sound, the pieces of code that make up the flowchart can be written.

What is top down programming design?

a process that involves the overall problem your software is trying to solve; the process breaks that down into pieces or goals that can be solved one at a time.

What is structured programming design?

a process that involves using specific programming elements to improve the clarity of the code, its quality, and the time it takes to develop the program. Because of this use of modules, the logic flow of the code is easier to follow and modify when necessary.

What is pseudocode?

a way of writing code informally, in simple English or some other language, during development. is useful because it can be more detailed than a diagram. Before it can be used by a computer, it must be translated into actual code.

What did Bill Gates and Paul Allen do in the 1970s and 1980s?

cofounded Microsoft in 1975. The company released Altair BASIC, the first programming language for personal computers.

What did John McCarthy do in the 1950s?

developed LISP for artificial intelligence programming in 1958.

What is object oriented programming design?

programming design is the process of creating a program that uses a specific unit, called objects.

What does object oriented programming design do?

programming design separates the data into objects. It uses abstraction in programming, which emphasizes what the object is, or what it does, versus its representation. It is a concept that helps programmers by allowing them to focus on concepts versus details of their program

What are the characteristics of object oriented programming design?

programming is often the best programming design approach, especially in situations where the programmer may need to make minor changes to the code at a future time, and when the programmer wishes to reuse the code in other programs.

What is syntax?

rules for how the language is used