Biology Chapter 16
in an angiosperm process called ___, one sperm nucleus fertilizes an egg and the other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in he female gametophyte, forming the triploid endosperm
double fertilization
after fertilization occurs in an angiosperm, the wall of the ovary develops into the ___, which helps protect and disperse the seeds
fruit
the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a ___, which is why they are called gymnosperms, "naked seed" plants
fruit
the structure in angiosperms that protects and disperses the seeds is the
fruit
structures that contain seeds and act to disperse those seeds are called
fruits
in a plant's alternation of generations life cycle, haploid spores produced by the diploid sporophyte generation develop by mitosis into the
gametophyte
in plants, the multicellular ___ develops from haploid spores and is haploid
gametophyte
in ___, pollen can be delivered by wind or animals to the female plant parts
gymnosperms and angiosperms
in the conifer life cycle, male gametophytes arise from
microspores
the function of the cuticle on a plant is to
minimize the loss of water
in what plant group is the gametophyte the most prominent generation, and the sporophyte depends on it for nutrition?
mosses
producing oxygen, taking in carbon dioxide, and providing food, habitats, and lumber are just a few of the things that ___ do to benefit other organisms and the planet
plants
what are autotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular organisms?
plants
in seed plants, what produces sperm cells and can travel great distances, eliminating the need for water in sexual reproduction?
pollen
flowers, the reproductive structures of angiosperms, produce
pollen and eggs
the microspore mother cell is located in the ___ of the flower
pollen sac
the microspore mother cell is located in the ___ of the flower.
pollen sac
after pollination in conifers, what structure grows through the ovule toward the egg and contains two sperm cells?
pollen tube
in conifer ___, the male gametophytes are blown by wind to the scales of female cones
pollination
in gymnosperms and angiosperms, a process called ___ is the transfer of pollen to the female parts of the plant
pollination
in what moss structure do cells undergo meiosis to produce large numbers of haploid spores?
sporangium
the ___ generation in a plant's alternation generations develops from a zygote and is diploid
sporophyte
while the cuticle is impermeable to water and gases, openings in the epidermis of leaves and stems called ___ permit the exchange of gasses, such as CO2 and O2
stomata
in the life cycle of a fern, how do sperm reach egg cells?
swimming through a film of water
most seedless vascular plants are
terrestrial
in conifers, how do pollen grains reach the scales of female cones?
wind
match the name of seedless vascular plant-true ferns
with a characteristic-largest group of seedless vascular plants; leave are called fronds
match the name of seedless vascular plant-whisk ferns
with a characteristic-rhizomes but not roots; highly branched stems
match each gymnosperm group-Gnetophytes
with its characteristics-botanists struggle with their classification; examples include Ephedra and Welwitchia
match each gymnosperm group-Ginkgo
with its characteristics-called maiden-hair tree; fan-shaped leaves; only one species in existence
match each gymnosperm group-Conifers
with its characteristics-contains the most familiar gymnosperms; cones and needlelike leaves; sometimes called evergreens
match the phylum name nonvascular plant-Anthocerotophyta
with their common name-Hornworts
match the phylum name nonvascular plant-Marchantiophyta
with their common name-Liverworts
match the phylum name nonvascular plant-Bryophyta
with their common name-true Mosses
seedless vascular plants have
both xylem and phloem
plants that are seedless and lack vascular tissues are called
bryophytes
through meiosis, each ovule of a female conifer cone produces ___ haploid megaspore(s), but only ___ will develop into the female ___ that includes two to six egg cells.
-4 -1 -gametophyte
select the three phyla of bryophytes
-Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) Bryophyta (mosses) -Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
the first leaf structures to arise in an angiosperms plant embryo are called
cotyledons
match each plant group-vascular plants with seeds
description (size and independence)-gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and depends on sporophyte for nutrition
What part of a plant provides extensive surface area for the absorption of light and CO2?
leaves
the purpose of the triploid endosperm in angiosperm seeds is to provide
nutrients to the germinating seedling
the fruit of angiosperms develop from the
ovary
select the two groups that angiosperms have been placed into from the choices below
-eudicots -monocots
after fertilization in conifers, the ___ nourishes the developing diploid embryo, which soon becomes dormant as a ___
-female gametophyte tissues -seed
select all the following that describe gymnosperms
-first seed plants on Earth -have seeds -use pollen grains for gamete transfer
select all of the following that describes leaves in different types of gymnosperms
-flat blades -needles -fernlike -scales
after the wind carries pollen from a male conifer cone to a female conifer cone, fertilization
occurs about 15 months after pollination
what type of tissue in plants consists of tubes that transport sugar, water and minerals?
vascular tissue
being able to grow upright, retain moisture, and reproduce without being in ___ are adaptations that allowed plants to successfully grow on land.
water
match the name of seedless vascular plant-club mosses
with a characteristic-small, scalelike leaves; sometimes called lycopods
match the name of seedless vascular plant-horsetails
with a characteristic-sometimes called scouring rushes; tissues contain silica
match each gymnosperm group-Cycads
with its characteristics-mostly tropical; palm leaves; large cones; many species near extinction
in conifers, the seed includes the format ___ and a protective outer covering formed from the ___.
-embryo -ovule
in conifers, the seed includes the dormant ___ and a protective outer covering formed from the ___.
-embryo -ovule
select all the conditions presented by a land existence that plants had to overcome to be successful on land rather than in water
-air offers less physical support than did water -air dries out the exposed parts of a plant -sunlight only strikes the aboveground parts of the plant
in angiosperms, meiosis of a microspore mother cell results in the production of four haploid microspores, ___ of which undergo mitosis to form pollen grains that are the ___
-all -male gametophytes
select all of the types of vascular plants that have seeds and pollen
-angiosperms -gymnosperms
select the four main groups of plants
-angiosperms: flowering plants -seedless vascular plants -bryophytes: nonvascular plants -gymnosperms: vascular plants with seeds
select all of the following that are characteristics of plants
-autotrophic -green algae is the closet relative -multicellular -eukaryotic -a few species are parasitic
select all the advantages of seeds for gymnosperms and angiosperms
-can be dispersed long distances -can withstand dry conditions -can remain dormant until conditions are favorable
select all of the examples of eudicots from the choices below
-daisies -beans -oaks -roses
after the conifer seed forms, it is shed and ___ by wind or animals; when conditions are favorable, the seed ___
-dispersed -germinates
select all of the following that apply to animal pollination in angiosperms
-efficient pollination -nectar -scented flowers -brightly-colored flowers
in angiosperms, pollination delivers two sperm nuclei to the female gametophyte. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the haploid ___ cell to form the zygote. The other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte, to form a triploid nucleus that develops into a ___, which is a triploid tissue that supplies nutrients to developing seeds.
-egg -endosperm
select all the plants that are monocots
-ginger -bananas -rice -corn -grasses
select all the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms
-gymnosperms do not produce flowers; angiosperms do -gymnosperms seeds are naked; angiosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit -gymnosperms do not have double fertilization; angiosperms do
in plants, the gametophyte generation is ___ with respect to its chromosome number (ploidy level), whereas the sporophyte generation is ___ with respect to its chromosome number.
-haploid -diploid
cells of the diploid sporophyte generation undergo ___ to produce haploid spores, which divide to form the gametophyte generation. Cells of the gametophyte generation undergo ___ to produce haploid gametes, which fuse and then multiply to form the diploid sporophyte generations
-meiosis -mitosis
in ___, a thin film of water is required for the sperm to reach an egg, while in ___, pollen is present and allows sexual reproduction to occur in dry conditions and over long distances.
-mosses and ferns -gymnosperms and angiosperms
select all of the following that can be the main food storage molecules in the endosperm of seeds
-oil -starch
select all the characteristics of angiosperms called monocots
-one cotyledon -70,000 species -pollen grain with one pore
select all the ways plants are important
-one of the gases produced by plants helps form ozone, which blocks ultraviolet radiation -plants provide food for other organisms -plants provide building materials for humans -plants release oxygen gas, which animals and many other organisms use in aerobic respiration
in gymnosperms, each scale of a female cone bears two sporangia called ___, each of which produces four haploid ___ by meiosis
-ovules -megaspores
in vascular plants, sugars are transported by vascular tissue called ___, and water and minerals are transported by vascular tissue called ___.
-phloem -xylem
select all of the functions of a fruit
-protect the seeds -disperse seeds
Select all the adaptations of plants that enable them to live successfully on land
-roots for anchoring and absorption of water and nutrients -vascular tissue for transport of water and nutrients -cuticle to minimize water loss
in the alternation generations life cycle present in plants, a multicellular diploid stage called the ___ alternates with a multicellular haploid stage called the ___
-sporophyte -gametophyte
the opening and closing of pores called ___ in the epidermis of plant tissues is controlled by two ___ cells
-stomata -guard
the cuticle of a plant that lives in a dry habitat is ___, whereas the cuticle of a plant that lives in a moist habitat is ___
-thick -thin
select all of the structures that can be present in many species of seedless vascular plants
-true roots -stems -leaves -rhizomes
select all of the following that are produced from a single pollen grain of a male conifer cone.
-two haploid sperm nuclei -pollen tube
select all the characteristics of angiosperms called eudicots
-two-thirds of all angiosperms -pollen grains with three or more pores -175,000 species -two cotyledons
select two mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms
-wind -animals
place the descriptions of sexual reproduction in a moss in the correct order, beginning at the top with the stage that undergoes meiosis
1. a sporophyte stalk grows on top of the gametophyte and produces haploid spores by meiosis 2. haploid spores germinate and become gametophytes 3. gametes form by mitosis in separate sperm and egg structures 4. sperm swim to eggs on a thin layer of water 5. fertilization begins the sporophyte generation
in what group of plants do materials move within the plant by osmosis and diffusion only, and not within specialized transport tissues?
Bryophytes
green algae and plants have similar ___, indicating that they are closely related
DNA sequences
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophs that use photo synthesis and that are present in nearly every ecosystem belong to Kingdom
Plantae
many plants use ___ tissue to transport sugar, water, and minerals between organs.
vascular
about 95% of plant species are ___, which produce unique reproductive structures called flowers and fruit
angiosperms
flowers and fruit are two adaptations that helped ___ become the must successful group of plants
angiosperms
in conifers, the male gametophytes
are pollen grains
the female gametophyte in conifers
arises from one megaspore and houses two to six egg cells
Protist ancestors that resemble green algae called ___ likely gave rise to plants
charophytes
what structure in conifers houses the sporangia that produce megaspores and microspores?
cones
match each plant group-seedless vascular plants
description (size and independence)-gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and neither generation depends on the other for nutrition
match each plant group-bryophytes
description (size and independence)-sporophyto may be smaller than gametophyte for nutrition
the sporophyte of a gymnosperm is
usually woody or shrublike
___ are the reproductive structures of angiosperms that produce pollen and egg cells
flowers
the specialized reproductive organs of angiosperms are called
flowers
which of the following statements about angiosperms is correct?
flowers produce pollen and eggs, and fruit help protect and disperse offspring
the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a ___, which is why they are called gymnosperms, "naked seed" plants.
fruit
xylem is rich in a complex polymer called ___, which strengthens cell walls and allows vascular plants to grow tall and dorm branches
lignin
a megaspore mother cell is located inside the ___ of an angiosperm flowers
ovule
although they lack true roots, bryophytes have hairlike extensions called ___ that cover the lower surfaces and anchor them to a substrate
rhizoids
a ___ is a dormant plant embryo and a food supply inside of a tough outer coat
seed
spores, such as those produced by ferns and mosses, cannot be dispersed as far as ___, which are produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms
seeds
the food supply in a seed sustains the young plant from the time of germination until
the seedling begins photosynthesis