Biology Chapter 16

in an angiosperm process called ___, one sperm nucleus fertilizes an egg and the other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in he female gametophyte, forming the triploid endosperm

double fertilization

after fertilization occurs in an angiosperm, the wall of the ovary develops into the ___, which helps protect and disperse the seeds

fruit

the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a ___, which is why they are called gymnosperms, "naked seed" plants

fruit

the structure in angiosperms that protects and disperses the seeds is the

fruit

structures that contain seeds and act to disperse those seeds are called

fruits

in a plant's alternation of generations life cycle, haploid spores produced by the diploid sporophyte generation develop by mitosis into the

gametophyte

in plants, the multicellular ___ develops from haploid spores and is haploid

gametophyte

in ___, pollen can be delivered by wind or animals to the female plant parts

gymnosperms and angiosperms

in the conifer life cycle, male gametophytes arise from

microspores

the function of the cuticle on a plant is to

minimize the loss of water

in what plant group is the gametophyte the most prominent generation, and the sporophyte depends on it for nutrition?

mosses

producing oxygen, taking in carbon dioxide, and providing food, habitats, and lumber are just a few of the things that ___ do to benefit other organisms and the planet

plants

what are autotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular organisms?

plants

in seed plants, what produces sperm cells and can travel great distances, eliminating the need for water in sexual reproduction?

pollen

flowers, the reproductive structures of angiosperms, produce

pollen and eggs

the microspore mother cell is located in the ___ of the flower

pollen sac

the microspore mother cell is located in the ___ of the flower.

pollen sac

after pollination in conifers, what structure grows through the ovule toward the egg and contains two sperm cells?

pollen tube

in conifer ___, the male gametophytes are blown by wind to the scales of female cones

pollination

in gymnosperms and angiosperms, a process called ___ is the transfer of pollen to the female parts of the plant

pollination

in what moss structure do cells undergo meiosis to produce large numbers of haploid spores?

sporangium

the ___ generation in a plant's alternation generations develops from a zygote and is diploid

sporophyte

while the cuticle is impermeable to water and gases, openings in the epidermis of leaves and stems called ___ permit the exchange of gasses, such as CO2 and O2

stomata

in the life cycle of a fern, how do sperm reach egg cells?

swimming through a film of water

most seedless vascular plants are

terrestrial

in conifers, how do pollen grains reach the scales of female cones?

wind

match the name of seedless vascular plant-true ferns

with a characteristic-largest group of seedless vascular plants; leave are called fronds

match the name of seedless vascular plant-whisk ferns

with a characteristic-rhizomes but not roots; highly branched stems

match each gymnosperm group-Gnetophytes

with its characteristics-botanists struggle with their classification; examples include Ephedra and Welwitchia

match each gymnosperm group-Ginkgo

with its characteristics-called maiden-hair tree; fan-shaped leaves; only one species in existence

match each gymnosperm group-Conifers

with its characteristics-contains the most familiar gymnosperms; cones and needlelike leaves; sometimes called evergreens

match the phylum name nonvascular plant-Anthocerotophyta

with their common name-Hornworts

match the phylum name nonvascular plant-Marchantiophyta

with their common name-Liverworts

match the phylum name nonvascular plant-Bryophyta

with their common name-true Mosses

seedless vascular plants have

both xylem and phloem

plants that are seedless and lack vascular tissues are called

bryophytes

through meiosis, each ovule of a female conifer cone produces ___ haploid megaspore(s), but only ___ will develop into the female ___ that includes two to six egg cells.

-4 -1 -gametophyte

select the three phyla of bryophytes

-Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) Bryophyta (mosses) -Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

the first leaf structures to arise in an angiosperms plant embryo are called

cotyledons

match each plant group-vascular plants with seeds

description (size and independence)-gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and depends on sporophyte for nutrition

What part of a plant provides extensive surface area for the absorption of light and CO2?

leaves

the purpose of the triploid endosperm in angiosperm seeds is to provide

nutrients to the germinating seedling

the fruit of angiosperms develop from the

ovary

select the two groups that angiosperms have been placed into from the choices below

-eudicots -monocots

after fertilization in conifers, the ___ nourishes the developing diploid embryo, which soon becomes dormant as a ___

-female gametophyte tissues -seed

select all the following that describe gymnosperms

-first seed plants on Earth -have seeds -use pollen grains for gamete transfer

select all of the following that describes leaves in different types of gymnosperms

-flat blades -needles -fernlike -scales

after the wind carries pollen from a male conifer cone to a female conifer cone, fertilization

occurs about 15 months after pollination

what type of tissue in plants consists of tubes that transport sugar, water and minerals?

vascular tissue

being able to grow upright, retain moisture, and reproduce without being in ___ are adaptations that allowed plants to successfully grow on land.

water

match the name of seedless vascular plant-club mosses

with a characteristic-small, scalelike leaves; sometimes called lycopods

match the name of seedless vascular plant-horsetails

with a characteristic-sometimes called scouring rushes; tissues contain silica

match each gymnosperm group-Cycads

with its characteristics-mostly tropical; palm leaves; large cones; many species near extinction

in conifers, the seed includes the format ___ and a protective outer covering formed from the ___.

-embryo -ovule

in conifers, the seed includes the dormant ___ and a protective outer covering formed from the ___.

-embryo -ovule

select all the conditions presented by a land existence that plants had to overcome to be successful on land rather than in water

-air offers less physical support than did water -air dries out the exposed parts of a plant -sunlight only strikes the aboveground parts of the plant

in angiosperms, meiosis of a microspore mother cell results in the production of four haploid microspores, ___ of which undergo mitosis to form pollen grains that are the ___

-all -male gametophytes

select all of the types of vascular plants that have seeds and pollen

-angiosperms -gymnosperms

select the four main groups of plants

-angiosperms: flowering plants -seedless vascular plants -bryophytes: nonvascular plants -gymnosperms: vascular plants with seeds

select all of the following that are characteristics of plants

-autotrophic -green algae is the closet relative -multicellular -eukaryotic -a few species are parasitic

select all the advantages of seeds for gymnosperms and angiosperms

-can be dispersed long distances -can withstand dry conditions -can remain dormant until conditions are favorable

select all of the examples of eudicots from the choices below

-daisies -beans -oaks -roses

after the conifer seed forms, it is shed and ___ by wind or animals; when conditions are favorable, the seed ___

-dispersed -germinates

select all of the following that apply to animal pollination in angiosperms

-efficient pollination -nectar -scented flowers -brightly-colored flowers

in angiosperms, pollination delivers two sperm nuclei to the female gametophyte. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the haploid ___ cell to form the zygote. The other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte, to form a triploid nucleus that develops into a ___, which is a triploid tissue that supplies nutrients to developing seeds.

-egg -endosperm

select all the plants that are monocots

-ginger -bananas -rice -corn -grasses

select all the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms

-gymnosperms do not produce flowers; angiosperms do -gymnosperms seeds are naked; angiosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit -gymnosperms do not have double fertilization; angiosperms do

in plants, the gametophyte generation is ___ with respect to its chromosome number (ploidy level), whereas the sporophyte generation is ___ with respect to its chromosome number.

-haploid -diploid

cells of the diploid sporophyte generation undergo ___ to produce haploid spores, which divide to form the gametophyte generation. Cells of the gametophyte generation undergo ___ to produce haploid gametes, which fuse and then multiply to form the diploid sporophyte generations

-meiosis -mitosis

in ___, a thin film of water is required for the sperm to reach an egg, while in ___, pollen is present and allows sexual reproduction to occur in dry conditions and over long distances.

-mosses and ferns -gymnosperms and angiosperms

select all of the following that can be the main food storage molecules in the endosperm of seeds

-oil -starch

select all the characteristics of angiosperms called monocots

-one cotyledon -70,000 species -pollen grain with one pore

select all the ways plants are important

-one of the gases produced by plants helps form ozone, which blocks ultraviolet radiation -plants provide food for other organisms -plants provide building materials for humans -plants release oxygen gas, which animals and many other organisms use in aerobic respiration

in gymnosperms, each scale of a female cone bears two sporangia called ___, each of which produces four haploid ___ by meiosis

-ovules -megaspores

in vascular plants, sugars are transported by vascular tissue called ___, and water and minerals are transported by vascular tissue called ___.

-phloem -xylem

select all of the functions of a fruit

-protect the seeds -disperse seeds

Select all the adaptations of plants that enable them to live successfully on land

-roots for anchoring and absorption of water and nutrients -vascular tissue for transport of water and nutrients -cuticle to minimize water loss

in the alternation generations life cycle present in plants, a multicellular diploid stage called the ___ alternates with a multicellular haploid stage called the ___

-sporophyte -gametophyte

the opening and closing of pores called ___ in the epidermis of plant tissues is controlled by two ___ cells

-stomata -guard

the cuticle of a plant that lives in a dry habitat is ___, whereas the cuticle of a plant that lives in a moist habitat is ___

-thick -thin

select all of the structures that can be present in many species of seedless vascular plants

-true roots -stems -leaves -rhizomes

select all of the following that are produced from a single pollen grain of a male conifer cone.

-two haploid sperm nuclei -pollen tube

select all the characteristics of angiosperms called eudicots

-two-thirds of all angiosperms -pollen grains with three or more pores -175,000 species -two cotyledons

select two mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms

-wind -animals

place the descriptions of sexual reproduction in a moss in the correct order, beginning at the top with the stage that undergoes meiosis

1. a sporophyte stalk grows on top of the gametophyte and produces haploid spores by meiosis 2. haploid spores germinate and become gametophytes 3. gametes form by mitosis in separate sperm and egg structures 4. sperm swim to eggs on a thin layer of water 5. fertilization begins the sporophyte generation

in what group of plants do materials move within the plant by osmosis and diffusion only, and not within specialized transport tissues?

Bryophytes

green algae and plants have similar ___, indicating that they are closely related

DNA sequences

Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophs that use photo synthesis and that are present in nearly every ecosystem belong to Kingdom

Plantae

many plants use ___ tissue to transport sugar, water, and minerals between organs.

vascular

about 95% of plant species are ___, which produce unique reproductive structures called flowers and fruit

angiosperms

flowers and fruit are two adaptations that helped ___ become the must successful group of plants

angiosperms

in conifers, the male gametophytes

are pollen grains

the female gametophyte in conifers

arises from one megaspore and houses two to six egg cells

Protist ancestors that resemble green algae called ___ likely gave rise to plants

charophytes

what structure in conifers houses the sporangia that produce megaspores and microspores?

cones

match each plant group-seedless vascular plants

description (size and independence)-gametophyte smaller than sporophyte and neither generation depends on the other for nutrition

match each plant group-bryophytes

description (size and independence)-sporophyto may be smaller than gametophyte for nutrition

the sporophyte of a gymnosperm is

usually woody or shrublike

___ are the reproductive structures of angiosperms that produce pollen and egg cells

flowers

the specialized reproductive organs of angiosperms are called

flowers

which of the following statements about angiosperms is correct?

flowers produce pollen and eggs, and fruit help protect and disperse offspring

the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a ___, which is why they are called gymnosperms, "naked seed" plants.

fruit

xylem is rich in a complex polymer called ___, which strengthens cell walls and allows vascular plants to grow tall and dorm branches

lignin

a megaspore mother cell is located inside the ___ of an angiosperm flowers

ovule

although they lack true roots, bryophytes have hairlike extensions called ___ that cover the lower surfaces and anchor them to a substrate

rhizoids

a ___ is a dormant plant embryo and a food supply inside of a tough outer coat

seed

spores, such as those produced by ferns and mosses, cannot be dispersed as far as ___, which are produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms

seeds

the food supply in a seed sustains the young plant from the time of germination until

the seedling begins photosynthesis