Biology Chapter 20, 21, & 22

Regeneration

Process by which a new plant can grow from a fragment of a non-reproductive structure such as a root, stem or leaf

Pollination

Process by which seed plants become fertilized without the need for free - standing water

Germination

Process by which seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow

Double fertilization

Process by which to sperm of a flowering plant join with an egg and a polar body, forming an embryo and endosperm

Transpiration

Release of vapor through the pores of the skin or the stomata a plant tissue

Flower

Reproductive structure of and angiosperm

Cone

Reproductive structure of gymnosperms inside of which the female gamete is fertilized and seeds are produced

Photoperiodism

Response to an organism to changes in the length of a day

Fibrous root

Root System made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length

Increasing the roots surface area

Root hairs anchor plants and help them absorb water and minerals by

Primary growth

Growth in vascular plants resulting in elongation of the plant body

Secondary growth

Growth in woody plants resulting in water roots, branches, and stems

Gravitropism

Growth of plants in response to gravity; plant stands grow upward, against gravity, and roots grow toward the gravitational pull

Gametophyte

Haploid, give me - producing face and a plant lifecycle

Cuticle

In plants, a waxy layer that holds in moisture; in the insects, a tough XO skeleton of nonliving material

Mesophyll

In what part of the leaf does most photosynthesis take place?

Nitrogen

Insects captured by predatory plants provide the plant with

Taproot

Main root of some plants, usually larger than other routes and growing straight down from a seven

Stamen

Male structure of flowering plants; includes the stalk and anther, which produces pollen

Root cap

Mass of cells that covers and protects the tips of plant roots

Pressure - flow model

Model for predicting how sugars are transported from photosynthetic tissue to the rest of a plant

Petal

Modified leaf that surrounds a flower reproductive structures

Sepal

Modified leave that covers and protects the flower while it develops

Blade

Most leaves have a broad, flat part called a

Plant

Multicellular eukaryote. That produces its own food through photosynthesis

Meristem

On differentiated plant tissue from which new cells are formed

Guard cells

One of a pair of cells that controls the opening and closing of a stoma in plant tissue

Tropism

Or growth of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus

Ovary

Organ in which female gametes developed prior to fertilization

Mesophyll

Photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis

Ethylene

Plant hormone that is produced in fruits and causes them to ripen

Cytokinin

Plant hormone that stimulates the final stage of cell division, cytokinesis; also involved in the growth of side branches

Gibberellin

Plant hormone that stimulates the growth

Auxin

Plant hormone that stimulates the lengthening of cells in the growing tip

Alternation of generations

Plant life cycle in which the plant alternates between haploid and diploid phases

Herbaceous plants

Plants that do not contain wood are known as

Stomata

Pores in the cuticle of the plant there which gas exchange occurs

Thigmotropism

Turning or bending of a plant in response to contact with an object

Pollen grain

Two-celled structure that contains the male form of the plants gamete

When environmental conditions are favorable

Under what conditions will You see it begin to grow?

Fibrous roots and taproots

What are two basic forms of roots?

Good conditions followed by harsher conditions

What can you infer from a thick annual ring inside a thin and your ring in a tree trunk?

Vascular system

What characteristic do ferns have that mosses do not have?

An embryo grows into a seedling

What happens during germination?

A ripened plant ovary

What is a fruit in biological terms?

A food supply for a developing plant embryo

What is the endosperm?

To help disperse seeds

What is the function of fruit in flowering plants?

Dormancy

When a plant embryo inside a seed has stopped growing, the seed is said to be in a state of

In the center of the root

Where is the vascular cylinder of a root?

Both involve a type of protective coating

Which of the following characteristics did cuticles and seeds share?

Pollination

Which of the following is most often part of a mutualistic relationship?

Alkaloid

Chemical produced by plants that contains nitrogen, many of which are used and medicines

Hormone

Chemical signal that is produced in one part of an organism and affects cell activity and another part

Vascular system

Collection of specialized tissue in some plants that transports mineral nutrients up from the roots and brings sugars down from the leaves

Lignin

Complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants

Dicots

Flowering plant who's embryos have two cotyledons

Monocots

Flowering plant whose embryos have one cotyledon

Amount of pollen

Flowers pollinated primarily by the wind tend to produce large

Green algae

Genetic evidence indicates that land plants evolved from

Ethnobotany

Study of how various cultures use plants

Botany

Study of plants

Vascular tissue

Supportive and conducted tissue in plants, consisting of xylem and phloem

Vascular cylinder

Center of a root or stem that contains phloem and xylem

Produce their own food in our adapted to life on land

A feature that distinguishes most plants from other organisms is that they

Perennial

A flowering plant that lives for more than two years is a

A fruit

A mature ovary of a flower is called

Pollen and seeds

As part of the reproductive process, both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce

Vegetative production

Asexual reproduction in which a stem, leaf, or root will produce a new individual when detached from the parent plant

Blade

Broad part of a leaf where most of the photosynthesis of a plant takes place

Animals

Burrs are fruits that are usually dispersed by

Parenchyma cell

Cell with thin walls that forms issues within leaves, roots, stems, and fruit of plants

Sporophyte

Diploid, spore - producing phase of a plant lifecycle

Primary growth

Division of a plants apical meristem cells produce

Collenchyma cell

Elongated cells with unevenly thick walls that form a supportive tissue of plants

Carpel

Email structure of flowering plants; made of the ovary, style, and stigma

Cotyledon

Embryonic leaf inside of a seed

Fruit

Fertilize the mature ovary of a flower

Wood

Fibrous material made of dead cells that are part of the vascular system and some plants

Gymnosperm

Seed plant new seeds are not enclosed by fruit

Angiosperm

Seed plant whose embryos are enclosed by fruit

Without standing water

Seed plants have adaptations that help them to reproduce

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Seedless nonvascular plants include

Dormancy

State of inactivity during which an organism is not growing

Petiole

Stock that attaches a leaf blade to a stem

Seed

Structure used by some land plants to store and protect the embryo

Pharmacology

Study of drugs and their effects on the body

Transport water and nutrients

The function of a plant's vascular system is two

Open and close the stomata

The function of guard cells is to

Phototropism

The growth of a plant toward a light source

Conifers

The largest group of gymnosperms today are

Sepals

The outer layer of the flower is made up of modified leave that protect the flower. These leaves are called

Ovary

The part of a flower in which female gametophytes are produced is the

Monocots and dicots

The two main groups of flowering plants based on seed type

Dry climates

Then leave such as fines and needles are adaptations to

Cohesion - tension theory

Theory that explains how the physical properties of water allow it to move through the xylem of plants

Sclerenchyma cell

Thick walled, lignin rich cell that form a supportive plant tissue

Root hairs

Thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell of a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the soil

Dermal tissue

Tissue system that covers the outside of plants and animals

Ground tissue

Tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant

Phloem

Tissue that transports sugars and vascular plants

Xylem

Tissue that transportswater and dissolved minerals in vascular plants

Endosperm

Tissues within seeds of flowering plants that nourishes an embryo

Flowers and fruit

To adaptations that I've helped all flowering plant succeed are