Biology Chapter 20, 21, & 22
Regeneration
Process by which a new plant can grow from a fragment of a non-reproductive structure such as a root, stem or leaf
Pollination
Process by which seed plants become fertilized without the need for free - standing water
Germination
Process by which seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
Double fertilization
Process by which to sperm of a flowering plant join with an egg and a polar body, forming an embryo and endosperm
Transpiration
Release of vapor through the pores of the skin or the stomata a plant tissue
Flower
Reproductive structure of and angiosperm
Cone
Reproductive structure of gymnosperms inside of which the female gamete is fertilized and seeds are produced
Photoperiodism
Response to an organism to changes in the length of a day
Fibrous root
Root System made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length
Increasing the roots surface area
Root hairs anchor plants and help them absorb water and minerals by
Primary growth
Growth in vascular plants resulting in elongation of the plant body
Secondary growth
Growth in woody plants resulting in water roots, branches, and stems
Gravitropism
Growth of plants in response to gravity; plant stands grow upward, against gravity, and roots grow toward the gravitational pull
Gametophyte
Haploid, give me - producing face and a plant lifecycle
Cuticle
In plants, a waxy layer that holds in moisture; in the insects, a tough XO skeleton of nonliving material
Mesophyll
In what part of the leaf does most photosynthesis take place?
Nitrogen
Insects captured by predatory plants provide the plant with
Taproot
Main root of some plants, usually larger than other routes and growing straight down from a seven
Stamen
Male structure of flowering plants; includes the stalk and anther, which produces pollen
Root cap
Mass of cells that covers and protects the tips of plant roots
Pressure - flow model
Model for predicting how sugars are transported from photosynthetic tissue to the rest of a plant
Petal
Modified leaf that surrounds a flower reproductive structures
Sepal
Modified leave that covers and protects the flower while it develops
Blade
Most leaves have a broad, flat part called a
Plant
Multicellular eukaryote. That produces its own food through photosynthesis
Meristem
On differentiated plant tissue from which new cells are formed
Guard cells
One of a pair of cells that controls the opening and closing of a stoma in plant tissue
Tropism
Or growth of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus
Ovary
Organ in which female gametes developed prior to fertilization
Mesophyll
Photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis
Ethylene
Plant hormone that is produced in fruits and causes them to ripen
Cytokinin
Plant hormone that stimulates the final stage of cell division, cytokinesis; also involved in the growth of side branches
Gibberellin
Plant hormone that stimulates the growth
Auxin
Plant hormone that stimulates the lengthening of cells in the growing tip
Alternation of generations
Plant life cycle in which the plant alternates between haploid and diploid phases
Herbaceous plants
Plants that do not contain wood are known as
Stomata
Pores in the cuticle of the plant there which gas exchange occurs
Thigmotropism
Turning or bending of a plant in response to contact with an object
Pollen grain
Two-celled structure that contains the male form of the plants gamete
When environmental conditions are favorable
Under what conditions will You see it begin to grow?
Fibrous roots and taproots
What are two basic forms of roots?
Good conditions followed by harsher conditions
What can you infer from a thick annual ring inside a thin and your ring in a tree trunk?
Vascular system
What characteristic do ferns have that mosses do not have?
An embryo grows into a seedling
What happens during germination?
A ripened plant ovary
What is a fruit in biological terms?
A food supply for a developing plant embryo
What is the endosperm?
To help disperse seeds
What is the function of fruit in flowering plants?
Dormancy
When a plant embryo inside a seed has stopped growing, the seed is said to be in a state of
In the center of the root
Where is the vascular cylinder of a root?
Both involve a type of protective coating
Which of the following characteristics did cuticles and seeds share?
Pollination
Which of the following is most often part of a mutualistic relationship?
Alkaloid
Chemical produced by plants that contains nitrogen, many of which are used and medicines
Hormone
Chemical signal that is produced in one part of an organism and affects cell activity and another part
Vascular system
Collection of specialized tissue in some plants that transports mineral nutrients up from the roots and brings sugars down from the leaves
Lignin
Complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants
Dicots
Flowering plant who's embryos have two cotyledons
Monocots
Flowering plant whose embryos have one cotyledon
Amount of pollen
Flowers pollinated primarily by the wind tend to produce large
Green algae
Genetic evidence indicates that land plants evolved from
Ethnobotany
Study of how various cultures use plants
Botany
Study of plants
Vascular tissue
Supportive and conducted tissue in plants, consisting of xylem and phloem
Vascular cylinder
Center of a root or stem that contains phloem and xylem
Produce their own food in our adapted to life on land
A feature that distinguishes most plants from other organisms is that they
Perennial
A flowering plant that lives for more than two years is a
A fruit
A mature ovary of a flower is called
Pollen and seeds
As part of the reproductive process, both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce
Vegetative production
Asexual reproduction in which a stem, leaf, or root will produce a new individual when detached from the parent plant
Blade
Broad part of a leaf where most of the photosynthesis of a plant takes place
Animals
Burrs are fruits that are usually dispersed by
Parenchyma cell
Cell with thin walls that forms issues within leaves, roots, stems, and fruit of plants
Sporophyte
Diploid, spore - producing phase of a plant lifecycle
Primary growth
Division of a plants apical meristem cells produce
Collenchyma cell
Elongated cells with unevenly thick walls that form a supportive tissue of plants
Carpel
Email structure of flowering plants; made of the ovary, style, and stigma
Cotyledon
Embryonic leaf inside of a seed
Fruit
Fertilize the mature ovary of a flower
Wood
Fibrous material made of dead cells that are part of the vascular system and some plants
Gymnosperm
Seed plant new seeds are not enclosed by fruit
Angiosperm
Seed plant whose embryos are enclosed by fruit
Without standing water
Seed plants have adaptations that help them to reproduce
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Seedless nonvascular plants include
Dormancy
State of inactivity during which an organism is not growing
Petiole
Stock that attaches a leaf blade to a stem
Seed
Structure used by some land plants to store and protect the embryo
Pharmacology
Study of drugs and their effects on the body
Transport water and nutrients
The function of a plant's vascular system is two
Open and close the stomata
The function of guard cells is to
Phototropism
The growth of a plant toward a light source
Conifers
The largest group of gymnosperms today are
Sepals
The outer layer of the flower is made up of modified leave that protect the flower. These leaves are called
Ovary
The part of a flower in which female gametophytes are produced is the
Monocots and dicots
The two main groups of flowering plants based on seed type
Dry climates
Then leave such as fines and needles are adaptations to
Cohesion - tension theory
Theory that explains how the physical properties of water allow it to move through the xylem of plants
Sclerenchyma cell
Thick walled, lignin rich cell that form a supportive plant tissue
Root hairs
Thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell of a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the soil
Dermal tissue
Tissue system that covers the outside of plants and animals
Ground tissue
Tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant
Phloem
Tissue that transports sugars and vascular plants
Xylem
Tissue that transportswater and dissolved minerals in vascular plants
Endosperm
Tissues within seeds of flowering plants that nourishes an embryo
Flowers and fruit
To adaptations that I've helped all flowering plant succeed are