Biology-Chapter 23

first known vascular land plant

Cooksonia

Flowering plant group; members have two embryonic leaves (cotyledons), net-veined leaves, vascular bundles in a ring, flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples, and other characteristics

Eudicot (Eudicotyledone)

flowering plant group; members have one embryonic leaf (cotyledon), parallel-veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles, flower parts in threes or multiples of three, and other characteristics

Monocot (monocotyledone)

In bryophytes, sperm usually move from the antheridium to the archegonium by a. swimming b. flying c. insect pollination d. wind pollination e. bird pollination

a.

Life cycle, typical of plants, in which a diploid sporophyte alternates with a haploid gametophyte.

alternation of generations

Flowering land plant; the seeds are borne within a fruit

angiosperm

sperm-producing structures, as in the moss life cycle

antheridium

egg-producing structures, as in the moss life cycle

archegonium

A small, upright plant that resembles a tiny, upright pine tree with club-shaped strobili and microphylls is a a. whisk fern b. lycophyte c. conifer d. horsetail e. fern

b.

Ferns have a. a dominant gametophyte generation b. vascular tissue c. seeds d. both a and b are correct e. choices a, b, and c are correct

b.

In the life cycle of the pine tree, the ovules are found on a. needlelike leaves b. seed cones c. pollen cones d. root hairs e. all are correct

b.

Which of these pairs is mismatched? a. anther-produces microspores b. carpel-produces pollen c. ovule-becomes seed d. ovary-becomes fruit e. flower-is a reproductive structure

b.

A nonvascular land plant—including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts—in which the gametophyte is dominant.

bryophyte

In the moss life cycle, the sporophyte a. consists of leafy, green shoots b. is the heart-shaped prothallus c. consists of a foot, a stalk, and a capsule d. is the dominant generation e. all are correct

c.

Ovule-bearing unit that is a part of a pistil of a flower

carpel

stonewarts

chara

Type of living green algae that on the basis of nucleotide sequencing and cellular features is most closely related to land plants.

charophyte

disklike, but the body is actually composed of long, branched filaments of cells.

coleochaete

reproductive structure in conifers made up of scales bearing sporangia; pollen cones bear microsporangia, and seed cones bear megasporangia

cone

Member of a group of cone-bearing gymnosperm land plants that includes pine, cedar, and spruce trees.

conifer

Seed leaf for embryo of a flowering plant; provides nutrient molecules for the developing plant before photosynthesis begins.

cotyledon

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

cuticle

Type of gymnosperm with palmate leaves and massive cones; cycads are most often found in the tropics and subtropics.

cycads

Having unisexual flowers or cones, with the male flowers or cones confined to certain land plants and the female flowers or cones of the same species confined to other different plants.

dioecious

In flowering plants, one sperm nucleus unites with the egg nucleus, and a second sperm nucleus unites with the polar nuclei of an embryo sac.

double fertilization

Gymnosperms a. have flowers b. are eudicots c. are monocots d. produce fruit e. reproduce by seeds

e.

How are ferns different from mosses? a. only ferns produce spores as dispersal agents b. ferns have vascular tissue c. in the fern life cycle, the gametophyte and sporophyte are both independent d. ferns do not have flagellated sperm e. both b and c are correct

e.

Microphylls a. have a single strand of vascular tissue. b. evolved before megaphylls. c. evolved as extensions of the stem. d. are found in lycophytes. e. all are correct

e.

Which of these are characteristics of land plants? a. multicellular with specialized tissues and organs b. photosynthetic and contain chlorophylls 'a' and 'b' c. protect the developing embryo from desiccation d. have an alternation-of-generations life cycle e. all are correct

e.

Which of these is found in seed plants? a. complex vascular tissue b. pollen grains that are not flagellated c. retention of female gametophyte within the ovule d. roots, stems, and leaves e. all are correct

e.

Member of a group of land plants that have large fronds; in the sexual life cycle, the independent gametophyte produces flagellated sperm, and the vascular sporophyte produces windblown spores.

fern

reproductive organ of a flowering plant, consisting of several kinds of modified leaves arranged in concentric rings and attached to a modified stem called the receptacle

flower

The leaf of a fern plant, or cycad

frond

flowering plant structure consisting of one or more ripened ovaries that usually contain seeds

fruit

Haploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; produces gametes that unite to form a diploid zygote.

gametophyte

Member of phylum Ginkgophyte; maidenhair tree.

ginkgo

Member of one of the four phyla of gymnosperms; Gnetophyta has only three living genera, which differ greatly from one another

gnetophyte

Type of woody seed plant in which the seeds are not enclosed by fruit and are usually borne in cones, such as those of the conifers.

gymnosperm

Seed plant that produces two types of spores microspores and megaspores. A plant that produces only one type of spore is homosporous.

heterosporous

A plant that produces only one type of asexual spore.

homosporous

a bryophyte of the phylum Anthocerophyta, with a thin gametophyte and a tiny sporophyte that resembles a broom handle.

hornwarts

A seedless vascular plant having only one genus (Equisetum) in existence today; characterized by rhizomes, scalelike leaves, strobili, and tough, rigid stems.

horsetail

A chemical that hardens the cell walls of plants.

lignin

Bryophyte with a lobed or leafy gametophyte and a sporophyte composed of a stalk and capsule.

liverworts

Club mosses, among the first vascular plants to evolve and to have leaves. The leaves of the lycophytes are microphylls.

lycophytes

Large leaf with several to many veins.

megaphyll

One of the two types of spores produced by seed plants; develops into a female gametophyte (embryo sac).

megaspore

small leaf with one vein

microphyll

One of the two types of spores produced by seed plants; develops into a male gametophyte (pollen grain).

microspore

Having male flowers or cones and female flowers or cones on a single plant.

monoecious

Bryophyte that is typically found in moist habitats.

mosses

Bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, that have no vascular tissue and either occur in moist locations or have special adaptations for living in dry locations.

nonvascular plants

in flowering plants, the enlarged, ovule-bearing portion of the carpel that develops into a fruit; female gonad in animals, which produces an egg and female sex hormones

ovary

In seed plants, a structure that contains the female gametophyte and has the potential to develop into a seed.

ovule

A flower part that occurs just inside the sepals; often conspicuously colored to attract pollinators.

petal

Vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes in plants; contains sieve-tube members and companion cells.

phloem

Multicellular, photosynthetic, eukaryotes that increasingly became adapted to live on land.

plants

In seed plants, structure that is derived from a microspore and develops into a male gametophyte.

pollen grain

in seed plants, a tube that forms when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates. The tube grows, passing between the cells of the stigma and the style to reach the egg inside an ovule, where fertilization occurs.

pollen tube

in gymnosperms, the transfer of pollen from pollen cone to seen cone; in angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

pollination

Ferns and their allies (horsetail and whisk ferns).

pteridophyte

hairlike structures found on the roots of some plants that assist in anchoring the plant and also provide for some absorption of water

rhizoid

rootlike underground stem

rhizome

mature ovule that contains an embryo, with stored food enclosed in a protective coat

seed

Vascular plants that disperse seeds; the gymnosperms and angiosperms.

seed plant

Collective name for club mosses (lycophytes) and ferns (pteridophytes) Characterized by windblown spores.

seedless vascular plant

outermost, leaflike covering of the flower; usually green in color

sepal

structure that produces spores

sporagium

Asexual reproductive or resting cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, in contrast to a gamete

spore

diploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; produces haploid spores that develop into the haploid generation

sporophyte

In flowering plants, the portion of the flower that consists of a filament and an anther containing pollen sacs where pollen is produced.

stamen

Small openings between two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gases pass.

stomata

in club mosses, terminal clusters of leaves that bear sporangia

strobilus

in vascular plants, type of cell in xylem that has tapered ends and pits through which water and minerals flow

tracheid

A plant that has phloem and xylem

vascular plants

transport tissue in plants, consisting of xylem and phloem

vascular tissue

Common name for seedless vascular plant that consists only of stems and has no leaves or roots.

whisk fern

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals through the plant

xylem