Biology Chapter 3

whole-wheat flour tends to be more nutrious than white flour because...

whole wheat flour includes the germ of the plant, which is the most nutritious element of wheat

endosperm

A nutritional tissue which surrounds the fertalized egg and provides nourishment to the growing embryo

nectar

A sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants

pollen tube

A tube that forms from a pollen grain and descends the style searching for the ovary

sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction in which the sperm and the egg unite

hay fever

An allergic reaction caused by inhaled pollen

the difference between complete and incomplete flowers is

Complete flower has 4 parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Incomplete flowers lack one or more of these parts (ex. poinsettia)

Distinguish between pollination and fertilization

Pollination: pollen reaches the pistil Fertilization: pollen fuses with the ovules

gametes

Reproductive cells

the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination is

Self-pollination: when pollination occurs within the same flower Cross-fertilization: when pollen is transferred to a stigma of a flower on another plant (by bees, butterflies,wind, insects, etc.)

Name the 4 main flower parts

Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Pistils

Staminate flowers differ from pistillate flowers because

Staminate flowers-> have stamens and no pistils (male flowers) Pistillate flowers->have pistils and no stamens (female flowers)

inflorescence

a cluster arrangement of flowers on a stem (unlike a rose that has only one flower on a stem)

monocot seeds differ from dicot seeds because...

monocots: only one cotyledon per seed dicots: two cotyledons per seed

achene characteristics

simple fruits consisting of a seed and a shell (having a much thinner shell than a nut) ex. sunflowers

legume characteristics

simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds; they are NOT fleshy or juicy; when fully ripe, the pod driesout and splits open to release the seeds (peas, beans, peanuts)

the primary purpose of flowers to a plant is

to produce seeds for reproduction

The primary function of fruits to a plant is...

to scatter seeds

pollination

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma portion of the pistil of a plant

grain characteristics

(although usually thought of as seeds) each kernal of grain is a complete fruit consisting of a seed and a shell

list 5 factors that favor seed germination

1. adequate supply of moisture 2. adequate supply of oxygen 3. favorable temperature 4. proper soil conditions 5. sufficient sunlight

describe the structure of an embryo

1. plumule: a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant 2. radicle: develops into the root system of the plant 3. Cotyledons (1 or 2): contained stored food that the embryo will use to supply the energy for sprouting

describe the stages of germination of a bean seed

1. seed planted 2.absorbs water 3. chemical changes within the tissues of the embryo begin to swell and grow 4.seed coat softens (due to water) allowing the shoot and root to push through to grow 5. stem arches up out of the soil

describe structure of a seed

3 main parts: 1. embryo plant (germ) 2. endosperm (provides nutrition to the growing plant) 3. seed coat (provides a protective covering for the seed)

hormone

A chemical produced in plants or animals to control or stimulate specific processes

abscission layer

a layer that forms in the stalk of the fruit and begins to "cut" the fruit from the stem; it also blocks the vascular tissue in the stalk, often causing an accumulation of sugar in the fruit just at the time the fruit becomes fully ripe

dormancy

a period of inactivity

hilium

a scar (can be seen on the surface of the seed coat of many seeds) which marks the place where the seed was attached to the ovary wall during its development

berry characteristics

a simple fruit in which the entire ovary is fleshy and juicy throughout (tomatoes, grapes, cucumbers, watermelons, oranges) NOT raspberries and strawberries which are aggregate fruits

filament

a slender, elongated stalk (1 of 2 parts of the stamen)

plumule

a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant

What does it mean when a seed is "viable"?

able to germinate and grow

Is mechanical or agent dispersal capable of spreading seeds farther from the plant?

agent dispersal is capable of spreading seeds farthest

horticulturalist

agricultural technicians who specialize in growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, and shrubs

the chief factor affecting when most plants flower

amount of sunlight and darkness

agent dispersal (define and tell how it helps scatter seeds)

an agent (outside of the plant) dispersing the seeds (ingestion/excretion, animals carrying burr-like seeds, man, animals, wind, water

monoecious

any plant which BOTH staminate and pistallate flowers are produced on the SAME plant (corn plant, oaks, walnuts, hickoris, birches)

list 5 important cereal grains

barley, oats, rye, corn, rice (NOT WHEAT)

simple fleshy fruit

berries, drupes, and pomes

list the eight groups of simple fruits

fleshy:berries, drupes, and pomes dry: legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes

samara characteristics

consist of smal dry seedsthat have 1 or 2 winglike sturctures attached to them. When the seed falls from the tree, the wing spins like the rotor of a helicopter (maples, ashes, elms)

cotyledon

contained stored food that the embryo will use to supply the energy for sprouting

pollen

contains the the male reproductive cells (sperm) for the flower)

radicle

develops into the root system of the plant

simple fruit characteristics and examples

formed from one flower that has only one pistil (ex. tomatoes, peaches, beans, and walnuts) Categories of simple fruits are: berries, drupes, poes, legumes, samaras, nuts, grains or achenes)

aggregate fruit characteristics and examples are..

formed from one flower that has several pistils (ex. blackberries, raspberries, strawberries) see pg. 41

multiple fruit characteristics and examples are...

formed from several flowers (ex. fig and pineapple) see pg. 41

grain

fruits of the grass family

ovules

future seeds located in the ovary

ripening

growing larger and developing into a fruit

list 4 parts of a wheat kernel

husk, bran, endosperm, germ

stone

inner woody layer of a fruit (peach "pit", cherry "pit", etc.

sepals

leaflike structures, usually green, attached to the edge of the receptacle; enclose and protect the flower's petals

simple dry fruit

legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes

sperm

male reproductive cells

the difference between monoecious plants and dioecious plants is..

monoecious (one): any plant which BOTH staminate and pistallate flowers are produced on the SAME plant (corn plant, oaks, walnuts, hickoris, birches) dioecious (two):any plant which BOTH staminate and pistallate flowers are produced on the SAME plant (corn plant, oaks, walnuts, hickories, birches)

fertilization

occurs when pollen fuses with the ovules

husk/chaff

outer covering, easily removed, has no nutritional value

dioecioeus

plants that produce staminate and pistillate flowers (like monoecious plants), BUT the 2 types of flowers are borne by SEPARATE plants (ex. American holly trees-> a male tree needs to be near a female tree in order to propagate)

fruits and seeds are formed by

pollination and fertilization

seed coat

protective covering for the seed)

the purpose fo the seed's endosperm to the seed is->

provides nutrition to the growing plant

nut characteristics

simple dry fruits consisting of a seed encloserd in a hard covering/shell (chestnuts,hickory nuts, hazelnuts, acorns) NOT->Almonds, walnuts or pecans:these are drupes in which the stone forms a shell around the seed that we eat.

drupe characteristics

simple fruit that is fleshy and juicy, but not throughout: have an outer fleshy layer and an inner woody layer (stone) (peachies, plums, cerries, olives, apricots, mangoes, almonds, walnuts, pecans)

pome characteristics

simple fruit with an outer fleshy layer & an inner papery core (apples and pears)

endosperm

starchy part which makes up 85% of the kernel; used in making white flour

bract

structures that appear to be petals (poinsettia, dogwood trees, all plants of the grass family)

egg cells

structures which contain the female reproductivge cells

pistil

the elongated, vase-shaped structure of a flower (divided into 3 parts->stigma, style, ovary)

(wheat) germ

the embryo of the young wheat plant; when planted the germ begins to grow, producing a new plant

pedicel (a.k.a.-> flower stalk)

the enlarged end of a special stem

anther

the enlarged structure at the tip of the filament (produces the pollen)

receptacle

the floral parts (seplas, petals, etc.) attached to the end of the flower stalk which is designed to hold the developing seeds

fruit

the fully ripened ovary of a plant (whether it is sweet or not; edible by humans or not); this is also the seed-bearing structure of flowering plants

petals

the most conspicuous part of a flower

stamen

the organs that product pollen (contains 2 parts->filament + anther)

corolla

the petals of the flower

mechanical dispersal (define and tell how it helps scatter seeds)

the plant scatters its seeds when they are ripe, burst open, and catapult their seeds to a new location (violets, touch-me-nots, witch hazel)

flower

the reproductive part of flowering seed plants (made up of seeds and fruits)

photoperiodism

the required amount of light and darkness needed by a plant before they will flower

bran

the shell-like fruit covering of wheat that can only be removed by milling; a valuable source of dietary fiber/roughage

germination

the sprouting of a seed

style

the stalklike structure that connects the oveary to the tip of the pistil

ovary

the swollen base of a pistil

stigma

the tip of the pistil is the part of the flower which receives the pollen grains at the time of pollination

cereal grains are considered the most important fruits because

they are easily cultivated, produce plentiful yields, easily stored for considerable amounts of time; they are rich in starch; oats are the highest-protein cereal; rice as a cereal grain feeds more people than any other; corn contains much oil; cereals also contain many minerals