Biology Chapter 3
whole-wheat flour tends to be more nutrious than white flour because...
whole wheat flour includes the germ of the plant, which is the most nutritious element of wheat
endosperm
A nutritional tissue which surrounds the fertalized egg and provides nourishment to the growing embryo
nectar
A sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants
pollen tube
A tube that forms from a pollen grain and descends the style searching for the ovary
sexual reproduction
A type of reproduction in which the sperm and the egg unite
hay fever
An allergic reaction caused by inhaled pollen
the difference between complete and incomplete flowers is
Complete flower has 4 parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Incomplete flowers lack one or more of these parts (ex. poinsettia)
Distinguish between pollination and fertilization
Pollination: pollen reaches the pistil Fertilization: pollen fuses with the ovules
gametes
Reproductive cells
the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination is
Self-pollination: when pollination occurs within the same flower Cross-fertilization: when pollen is transferred to a stigma of a flower on another plant (by bees, butterflies,wind, insects, etc.)
Name the 4 main flower parts
Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Pistils
Staminate flowers differ from pistillate flowers because
Staminate flowers-> have stamens and no pistils (male flowers) Pistillate flowers->have pistils and no stamens (female flowers)
inflorescence
a cluster arrangement of flowers on a stem (unlike a rose that has only one flower on a stem)
monocot seeds differ from dicot seeds because...
monocots: only one cotyledon per seed dicots: two cotyledons per seed
achene characteristics
simple fruits consisting of a seed and a shell (having a much thinner shell than a nut) ex. sunflowers
legume characteristics
simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds; they are NOT fleshy or juicy; when fully ripe, the pod driesout and splits open to release the seeds (peas, beans, peanuts)
the primary purpose of flowers to a plant is
to produce seeds for reproduction
The primary function of fruits to a plant is...
to scatter seeds
pollination
transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma portion of the pistil of a plant
grain characteristics
(although usually thought of as seeds) each kernal of grain is a complete fruit consisting of a seed and a shell
list 5 factors that favor seed germination
1. adequate supply of moisture 2. adequate supply of oxygen 3. favorable temperature 4. proper soil conditions 5. sufficient sunlight
describe the structure of an embryo
1. plumule: a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant 2. radicle: develops into the root system of the plant 3. Cotyledons (1 or 2): contained stored food that the embryo will use to supply the energy for sprouting
describe the stages of germination of a bean seed
1. seed planted 2.absorbs water 3. chemical changes within the tissues of the embryo begin to swell and grow 4.seed coat softens (due to water) allowing the shoot and root to push through to grow 5. stem arches up out of the soil
describe structure of a seed
3 main parts: 1. embryo plant (germ) 2. endosperm (provides nutrition to the growing plant) 3. seed coat (provides a protective covering for the seed)
hormone
A chemical produced in plants or animals to control or stimulate specific processes
abscission layer
a layer that forms in the stalk of the fruit and begins to "cut" the fruit from the stem; it also blocks the vascular tissue in the stalk, often causing an accumulation of sugar in the fruit just at the time the fruit becomes fully ripe
dormancy
a period of inactivity
hilium
a scar (can be seen on the surface of the seed coat of many seeds) which marks the place where the seed was attached to the ovary wall during its development
berry characteristics
a simple fruit in which the entire ovary is fleshy and juicy throughout (tomatoes, grapes, cucumbers, watermelons, oranges) NOT raspberries and strawberries which are aggregate fruits
filament
a slender, elongated stalk (1 of 2 parts of the stamen)
plumule
a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant
What does it mean when a seed is "viable"?
able to germinate and grow
Is mechanical or agent dispersal capable of spreading seeds farther from the plant?
agent dispersal is capable of spreading seeds farthest
horticulturalist
agricultural technicians who specialize in growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, and shrubs
the chief factor affecting when most plants flower
amount of sunlight and darkness
agent dispersal (define and tell how it helps scatter seeds)
an agent (outside of the plant) dispersing the seeds (ingestion/excretion, animals carrying burr-like seeds, man, animals, wind, water
monoecious
any plant which BOTH staminate and pistallate flowers are produced on the SAME plant (corn plant, oaks, walnuts, hickoris, birches)
list 5 important cereal grains
barley, oats, rye, corn, rice (NOT WHEAT)
simple fleshy fruit
berries, drupes, and pomes
list the eight groups of simple fruits
fleshy:berries, drupes, and pomes dry: legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes
samara characteristics
consist of smal dry seedsthat have 1 or 2 winglike sturctures attached to them. When the seed falls from the tree, the wing spins like the rotor of a helicopter (maples, ashes, elms)
cotyledon
contained stored food that the embryo will use to supply the energy for sprouting
pollen
contains the the male reproductive cells (sperm) for the flower)
radicle
develops into the root system of the plant
simple fruit characteristics and examples
formed from one flower that has only one pistil (ex. tomatoes, peaches, beans, and walnuts) Categories of simple fruits are: berries, drupes, poes, legumes, samaras, nuts, grains or achenes)
aggregate fruit characteristics and examples are..
formed from one flower that has several pistils (ex. blackberries, raspberries, strawberries) see pg. 41
multiple fruit characteristics and examples are...
formed from several flowers (ex. fig and pineapple) see pg. 41
grain
fruits of the grass family
ovules
future seeds located in the ovary
ripening
growing larger and developing into a fruit
list 4 parts of a wheat kernel
husk, bran, endosperm, germ
stone
inner woody layer of a fruit (peach "pit", cherry "pit", etc.
sepals
leaflike structures, usually green, attached to the edge of the receptacle; enclose and protect the flower's petals
simple dry fruit
legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes
sperm
male reproductive cells
the difference between monoecious plants and dioecious plants is..
monoecious (one): any plant which BOTH staminate and pistallate flowers are produced on the SAME plant (corn plant, oaks, walnuts, hickoris, birches) dioecious (two):any plant which BOTH staminate and pistallate flowers are produced on the SAME plant (corn plant, oaks, walnuts, hickories, birches)
fertilization
occurs when pollen fuses with the ovules
husk/chaff
outer covering, easily removed, has no nutritional value
dioecioeus
plants that produce staminate and pistillate flowers (like monoecious plants), BUT the 2 types of flowers are borne by SEPARATE plants (ex. American holly trees-> a male tree needs to be near a female tree in order to propagate)
fruits and seeds are formed by
pollination and fertilization
seed coat
protective covering for the seed)
the purpose fo the seed's endosperm to the seed is->
provides nutrition to the growing plant
nut characteristics
simple dry fruits consisting of a seed encloserd in a hard covering/shell (chestnuts,hickory nuts, hazelnuts, acorns) NOT->Almonds, walnuts or pecans:these are drupes in which the stone forms a shell around the seed that we eat.
drupe characteristics
simple fruit that is fleshy and juicy, but not throughout: have an outer fleshy layer and an inner woody layer (stone) (peachies, plums, cerries, olives, apricots, mangoes, almonds, walnuts, pecans)
pome characteristics
simple fruit with an outer fleshy layer & an inner papery core (apples and pears)
endosperm
starchy part which makes up 85% of the kernel; used in making white flour
bract
structures that appear to be petals (poinsettia, dogwood trees, all plants of the grass family)
egg cells
structures which contain the female reproductivge cells
pistil
the elongated, vase-shaped structure of a flower (divided into 3 parts->stigma, style, ovary)
(wheat) germ
the embryo of the young wheat plant; when planted the germ begins to grow, producing a new plant
pedicel (a.k.a.-> flower stalk)
the enlarged end of a special stem
anther
the enlarged structure at the tip of the filament (produces the pollen)
receptacle
the floral parts (seplas, petals, etc.) attached to the end of the flower stalk which is designed to hold the developing seeds
fruit
the fully ripened ovary of a plant (whether it is sweet or not; edible by humans or not); this is also the seed-bearing structure of flowering plants
petals
the most conspicuous part of a flower
stamen
the organs that product pollen (contains 2 parts->filament + anther)
corolla
the petals of the flower
mechanical dispersal (define and tell how it helps scatter seeds)
the plant scatters its seeds when they are ripe, burst open, and catapult their seeds to a new location (violets, touch-me-nots, witch hazel)
flower
the reproductive part of flowering seed plants (made up of seeds and fruits)
photoperiodism
the required amount of light and darkness needed by a plant before they will flower
bran
the shell-like fruit covering of wheat that can only be removed by milling; a valuable source of dietary fiber/roughage
germination
the sprouting of a seed
style
the stalklike structure that connects the oveary to the tip of the pistil
ovary
the swollen base of a pistil
stigma
the tip of the pistil is the part of the flower which receives the pollen grains at the time of pollination
cereal grains are considered the most important fruits because
they are easily cultivated, produce plentiful yields, easily stored for considerable amounts of time; they are rich in starch; oats are the highest-protein cereal; rice as a cereal grain feeds more people than any other; corn contains much oil; cereals also contain many minerals