Biology Chapter 6 and 7

Diploid Cells

46 chromosomes, full amount for humans in a cell

The sperm cell and the egg both contribute to an embryo. What does the egg contribute to the embryo? (Check all that apply) a. DNA b. organelles c. molecular building blocks

All of Them

In the law of independent assortment, _____ are independent.

Allele Pairs

Automsome

Any Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Somatic Cells

Any cell other than reproductive cells (Ex. Skin and organ cells)

Polygenic

Many genes interact to produce a single trait

Mitosis of Meiosis? Happens at a specific time in an organisms life

Meiosis

A dihybrid cross examines the inheritance of

two traits

Segregation means "separation." In Mendel's law of segregation, it is the __1__ that are segregated, or separated. "Purebred" means a line of organisms that has uniform __2__

1-genes 2-genetics

Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the father) that have the same length, overall appearance, and __1__ , although the __2__ may differ.

1- Genes 2- Alleles

Genetics is the study of biological __1__ , patterns and variation in organisms. A man named Gregor __2__ did early work that is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics. Mendel's views on inheritance differed from the views of many scientists of his time. Mendel recognized that __3__ are inherited as discrete units.

1- Inheritance 2- Mendel 3-traits

An allele is any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific __1__

1- Locus

Sex chromosomes determine an organism's __1__ . All other chromosomes, which do not directly affect an organism's sex, are called __2__

1- Sex 2- Autosomes

Mendel's law of segregation has two conclusions: i. Organisms inherit __1__ copy/copies of each gene, one from each parent. ii. Genes segregate during gamete formation, so organisms donate __2__ copy/copies of each gene in their gametes.

1- Two 2- One

A person with two X chromosomes is ___1____. The _ __2____ chromosome carries the fewest number of genes.

1- female 2- Y

Multiple allele traits have more than ____ alleles

2

Haploid Cells

23 chromosomes Half the normal amount for humans in a cell

Incomplete dominance

Blends the two dominant genes together (Ex. Red and White = Pink)

Interphase (Gap 1)

Cell carries out normal functions

Gap 2

Cell continues normal functions

Telophase

Cell starts to separate into two different cells

Prophase

Chromosomes coil tightly together

Synthesis

DNA is copied

Carrier

Female who is heterozygous for a recessive gene disorder and can pass it on to offspring

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygous genotype is a blend of both parent's phenotype (ex. Red and white = pink)

Codominance

Heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both dominant alleles (ex. Red and white = Red and white spotted)

Karyotype

Image of all the chromosomes in a cell

Anaphase

MItosis and Meiosis 2- Chromosomes are pulled apart to separate sides of the cell Meiosis 1- Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell

Mitosis of Meiosis? Happens throughout an organism's life

Mitosis

Mitosis of Meiosis? Makes diploid cells

Mitosis

Metaphase

Mitosis and Meiosis 2- Chromosomes line up together in the middle Meiosis 1- Homologous chromosomes line up together in the middle of the cell

Homologous Chromosomes

One form MOM One from DAD that are the exact same except different alleles

Gamete

Sex cell

Codominance

Shows both dominant genes (Ex. Red and White = spotted red and white)

After a chromosome is replicated, each half is called a ________________.

Sister Chromatid

Mitosis of Meiosis? Genetically unique vs indentical

Unique - Meiosis Identical - Mitosis

Multiple Allele

When more than 2 alleles exist for a trait that has more than two distinct phenotypes

What does the sperm contribute to the embryo? (Check all that apply) a. DNA b. Organelles c. molecular building blocks

a. DNA

___________________ cells are haploid. a. Germ b. Somatic

a. Germ

What is the main reason that sex-linked disorders are most often observed in males? a. The Y chromosome cannot mask alleles on the X chromosome. b. The X chromosome only has genes for genetic disorders. c. The Y chromosome cannot have genes that cause genetic disorders. d. The X chromosome has genes only for sex determination.

a. The Y chromosome cannot mask alleles o the X chromosome

Circle all of the following statements that are true for homologous chromosomes. a. They are a pair of chromosomes. b. They have the same genes, but they differ in length and appearance. c. They are fertilized gametes. d. One is from the mother and one is from the father. e. They have the same genes, length, and overall appearance

a. They are a pair of chromosomes d. One is from the mother and one is from the father e.They have the same genes, length, and overall appearance

Gene expression is influenced by many factors. Which of the following is a factor in gene expression? a. environment b. phenotype c. karyotype d. pedigree

a. environment

Which statement is true of a sex-linked recessive gene? a. In an XY male, one copy is always inactivated. b. In an XY male, this recessive gene is always expressed. c. In an XX female, it is always passed to offspring. d. In an XX female, only one copy is needed for expression.

b. In an XY male, this recessive gene is always expressed

Circle the letter of all of the following statements that are true about COdominance. a. Heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the homozygous phenotypes. b. Neither allele is completely dominant. c. One allele is not hidden in a heterozygote. d. Both alleles are completely expressed. e. Neither allele is expressed. f. Heterozygous phenotype contains the separate products of both alleles.

d and f are correct

Select the letter of all of the following statements that are true about incomplete dominance. a. Heterozygous phenotype contains the separate products of both alleles. b. Neither allele is expressed. c. Both alleles are completely expressed. d. Heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the homozygous phenotypes. e. One allele is not hidden in a heterozygote. f. Neither allele is completely dominant

d, e, and f are correct

A chart that traces the phenotypes and genotypes within a family is called a a. chromosome map. b. Punnett square. c. karyotype. d. pedigree.

d. Pedigree

A genetic disorder is traced within a family. The disorder occurs mostly in males. The gene for this disorder is most likely a. an autosomal allele. b. carried only by males. c. not sex-linked. d. on the X chromosome.

d. on the X chromosome

A pedigree is a chart that traces phenotypes and __1__ in a family. In pedigree analysis, the __2__ is used to infer the genotype

1- genotypes 2- phenotype

Polar bodies are cells produced by __1__ in the female body. They contain little more than DNA and are eventually __2__

1- meiosis (2) 2- broken down

A karyotype can show any large-scale changes in __1__. A karyotype is a __2__ of all the chromosomes in a cell

1-Chromosomes 2-Picture

The two major groups of cell types in the human body are called __1__ and __2__. The gametes are located in the __3__ organs. The number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell is __4__.

1-Sex cells 2-Somatic Cells 3- Reproductive 4- 46

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm of the cell divides creating two new cells

Mitosis of Meiosis? Makes Haploid cells

Meiosis

Each human gamete has one _____chromosome a. sex b. autosome

b. autosome

There is a relationship between genes and proteins: A __1__ provides instructions for a cell to make a certain __2__

1- gene 2- protein

During fertilization, the nuclei of the egg and sperm _. a. separate b. fuse

b. fuse

Two chromosomes that are very similar and carry the same genes are called ___________________ chromosomes. a. somatic b. homologous

b. homologous

For an XX female to express a recessive sex-linked trait, she must have a. an inactivated allele. b. two recessive alleles. c. a Y chromosome. d. two dominant alleles.

b. two recessive alleles

What is one way in which genetic inheritance follows similar patterns in all sexually reproducing organisms. a. Genes determine the same phenotypes b. All chromosomes can be mapped on a single linkage map c. Chromosomes assort independently during meiosis

c. Chromosomes assort independently during meiosis

Single-gene traits are useful in studying human genetics because: a. Inheritance is always recessive b. Inheritance is independent of the gene c. Inheritance is straight-forward. d. Inheritance is exponential

c. Inheritance is straight-forward

A plant that is homozygous for red flowers is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for white flowers. In the case of incomplete dominance, the flowers of the offspring will be a. white only. b. red only. c. pink only. d. red and white.

c. Pink only

A pedigree can tell you whether a gene is most likely on an autosome or on a sex chromosome. The gene is most likely autosomal if: a. only males show the phenotype b. all males and a few females show the phenotype c. approximately the same number of males and females show the phenotype d. all females and a few males show the phenotype

c. approximately the same number of males and females show the phenotype

Most of the traits expressed in a person's phenotype are determined by a. X chromosome inactivation. b. sex chromosomes. c. autosomal genes d. Y chromosomes.

c. autosomal genes

A person who has a disorder caused by a recessive allele is a. certain to have offspring with the disorder. b. considered a carrier of the disorder. c. homozygous for the recessive allele. d. unable to pass the allele to offspring.

c. homozygous for the recessive allele