CLINCAL NUTRITION EXAM 1

The preferred source of energy in the body comes from

Carbohydrates

Salivary Glands

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, full of amylase and lipase

Large Intestine

Has an ascending colon and a transverse colon Absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme and turn them into feces Breaks down cellulose and fiber Performs final stage of digestion

Lipase

Hydrolyze the dietary fats into fatty acids and glycodies

Bile

a mixture of water, bile salts, chloesterol, and bilirubin

The villi and microvilli are the site of nutrient

absorption

GERD

acid reflux that is persistent

What does the liver and gallbladder distribute

bile

Saliva

break down food particles in teeth to prevent decay 99.5% water DNA and RNA useful in diagonistic

Bile salts

breaks down large fat globules into smaller one via emulsification

Energy-yielding nutrients include

carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

A well-balanced diet is composed of which six nutrients?

carbohydrates, protein, fats, water, vitamins, minerals

Food Allergies

different from intolerances or sensitive allergies cause an immune reaction with different levels of severity

The chemical and mechanical processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient molecules

digestion

Substances which must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body are

essential nutrients

Celiac Disease

gluten allergy that causes flattening of the villi in the intestine

where do undigested materials go?

goes into the large intestine, while absorption of water and remaining waste is stored in return

The richest food sources of carbohydrates are

grains, fruits and vegetables

The role of fiber is to

helps maintain a healthy intestinal tract.

Blood glucose levels are regulated by

hormones

Gastric Acid

hydrochloric acid released by parietal cells Mucus is produced which lubricates stomach lining and contains bicarbonate

Parietal cells

increase or decrease acid production as needed

Bacterial Diversity

large intestine has over 700 diff species of bacteria related to obesity gut biome is established after birth

Chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food, released by pyloric sphincter to small intestine

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

mouth

Absorption

nutrients move from the lumen into the electrolytes

Monogastric Digestion

presence of one stomach chamber to digest food

The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide

provide energy

Pedro is a high-school soccer athlete who needs to eat more complex carbohydrates. Which of the following would you recommend?

quinoa, brown rice, whole wheat bread, amarath, oats

function of the gallbladder

receives bile from the liver through the common hepatic duct and stores it.

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum represent the

small intestine

Irritable Bowl Syndrome

stomach pain coupled with other GI issues usually due to unbalanced diet, stress -> does not cause lasting damage

Accessory Organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas - participate in the digestion of food without direct contact

Anus

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

what is a calorie

the amount of energy in the form of heat that is required to heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius.

Cephalic Phase

the earliest phase of digestion, in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food

The fingerlike projections which line the small intestine increase the surface area to maximize absorption and help mix the partially digested chyme with intestinal secretions are

villi

Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDL)

wants to use fecal microbiota transplant fecal bacteria from an individual with a healthy gut is transfered to someone else

The large intestine absorbs

water and electrolytes

Small Intestine

22 ft long Nutrients are absorbed Connects to the stomach by pyloric sphincter

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

The key five factors that indicate a healthy diet include which of the following?

Adequate, balanced, calorie control, moderation, and variety