Biology chapter 6 questions

What is ATP? What type of macromolecule? Where is the energy stored (in what bond)?

-ATP stores energy in its chemical bonds. When they are broken, energy is released, allowing the cells to do work -It is a nucleotide

Where is most of the CO2? Where is most of the oxygen required? Where is most of the water produced? Where are most of the ATPs made?

-Electron Transport Chain: produces most ATP -Carbon atoms released from the chemical bonds of food join with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. (i believe citric acid cycle) -Oxygen molecules accept the transported electrons and join with hydrogen to form water. (i believe electron transport)

What is the biological evolutionary history that explains default food choices (e.g. sugar and fat)? Why are these "maladaptive", that is, no longer necessarily positive for human beings?

-Evolution has driven our bodies to adapt to famine so we store extra food as fat

What happens in Glycolysis? What is produced? Where does it occur?

-Glycolysis occurs whether or not oxygen is present. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation reaction follow glycolysis. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm and converts the products of glycolysis into lactic acid. The only ATP produced is the small amount produced during glycolysis (in fermentation) -Series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units (2 pyruvate molecules) Makes 2 ATP (in aerobic respiration)

What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle? What is produced? Where does it occur?

-In the mitochondria Series of reactions that helps extract energy (high-energy electrons) from the H-C bonds in food NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons Makes 2 ATP, releases carbon dioxide (in aerobic respiration) -

What are some of the reasons (at least 3) why the US is one of the most obsess nations in the world?

-PORTION SIZE -religion -income -education -availability -individual choice -

Why is glucose the most common molecule used in cellular respiration? Where/how is it produced? Why can it be derived from all food?

-Through digestion, our bodies break food molecules into their smaller subunits -Subunits enter the bloodstream, where they are carried to the body's cells -Inside the cells, enzymes break the bonds holding the subunits together -Potential chemical energy stored in the bonds is captured and converted into molecular bonds that make up ATP (THIS IS CALLED CELLULAR (AEROBIC RESPIRATION) -

What are some of the cultural influences on food choice and consumption?

-U.S. portions were larger at least half the time -An abundance of high-fat processed food is increasingly common in developed countries

Explain the process by which excess nutrients are converted to energy storage molecules and where in the body they are stored.

-When we ingest more Calories than our bodies need, they are stored as glycogen molecules in muscle and liver cells. Once the body's glycogen stores have been replenished, any excess Calories are stored as triglyceride molecules in fat cells. -Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle cells

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

-low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP -the molecule that is produced when ATP is split to yield energy

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration? Why is it called aerobic?

1. Glycolysis ->Occurs in the cytoplasm --Series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units (2 pyruvate molecules) --Makes 2 ATP 2. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)-> In the mitochondria --Series of reactions that helps extract energy (high-energy electrons) from the H-C bonds in food --NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons --Makes 2 ATP, releases carbon dioxide 3. Electron transport chain->Inner membranes of mitochondria --Electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are carried to the inner membranes of the mitochondria --Electrons are passed down a chain of molecules to oxygen --Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water --Produces most of the ATP (~32)

Why do all living organisms convert food into ATP?

Food must be broken down into its component subunits—among them, fats and sugars. Then, these breakdown products must go through a series of biochemical reactions that convert the chemical energy stored into a form of fuel we can use. Energy from food is ultimately captured in a molecule called adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP) that our cells use to carry out energy-requiring functions. ATP stores energy in its chemical bonds. When they are broken, energy is released, allowing the cells to do work

Compare and contrast glycogen and fat as energy storage molecules

Glycogen- short term Fats- (triglycerides) long term

What does fermentation do (enables Glycolysis to continue to cycle and produce ATP)? Does it require oxygen? When do we use it? What are two waste products produced by different organisms?

Glycolysis occurs whether or not oxygen is present. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation reaction follow glycolysis. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm and converts the products of glycolysis into lactic acid. The only ATP produced is the small amount produced during glycolysis. -Waste products are H2O and CO2.

What is the electron transport chain? What is produced? Where does it occur?

Inner membranes of mitochondria Electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are carried to the inner membranes of the mitochondria Electrons are passed down a chain of molecules to oxygen Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water Produces most of the ATP (~32)

List the major inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration

Inputs: glucose, oxygen Outputs ATP, CO2, H2O, waste heat. Glucose + oxygen -> ATP + CO2 + H20 + waste heat

What is NADH? What does it do?

NADH (electron carrier) NADH is used to make lots of ATP via electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. NADH also donates electrons to the ETC in the mitochondria.

Pyruvate

Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis

List the energy-containing biomolecules and the approximate amount of energy each one contains. Why is more energy stored in triglycerides? Remember that it is the H-C bond that stores the energy.

Proteins 4 C/g, carbs 4C/g, lipids 9C/g