Biology Chapter 7

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isotonic

equal amounts of solute molecules

why is a membrane structure model called a fluid mosaic?

the membrane is fluid and has motion

cholesterol

structure that allows cells to communicate with each other to work as a unit

phospholipid bilayer

structure that consists of two layers of lipids

transport protein

structure that helps move molecules across the cell membrane

carbohydrate chain

structure that identifies the cell / recognizes stuff around the cell

solute

substance that is dissolved

portion of the bilayer that is hydrophobic

tails

concentration

the amount of molecules in a specified area

concentration gradient

a difference in amount of molecules between two areas

carrier molecule

a protein that functions in transport of molecules across a membrane

selectively permeable

allows certain molecules to pass through; keeps some molecules out

solvent

fluid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gas

hypotonic

having less solute molecules than cytoplasm of a cell / having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

hypertonic

having more solute molecules than a cytoplasm of a cell / having a higher concentration of solute than another solution

portion of the bilayer that is hydrophilic

heads

facilitated diffusion

high concentration to low concentration movement of monomers; uses transport protein; no energy required

osmosis

high concentration to low concentration movement of water; through phospholipid bilayer; no energy required / diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration

passive transport

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration; no energy required

active transport

movement of molecules from low to high; uses transport protein; requires energy /energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

diffusion

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

function of protein molecules in membrane

moves large particles in, through, and out of the cell membrane

solution

mix of a substance that is dissolved in another

Na/K pump

active process; moves 3 NA+ions out of the cell and 2K+ions into the cell against concentration gradient

what does active transport need?

energy ATP which requires carrier protein

two major components of the cell membrane

proteins and lipids

endocytosis

use of vesicles to move polymers into the cell

exocytosis

use of vesicles to move polymers out of the cell

hydrophobic

water-fearing

hydrophilic

water-loving

when does the movement of materials in and out of the cell NOT require energy?

when the molecules are moving with the concentration gradient

turgor pressure

outward pressure on cell / the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

overall structure of the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

membrane structure consists of

phospholipid bilayer, carrier proteins, and pore proteins

the 4 responsibilities of the cell membrane

protects and encloses the cell, gives shape, allows transportations in and out, and carries out metabolic reactions

three ways the rate of diffusion can be affected

solid, liquid, gases; temperature; concentration gradient


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