Biology Chapter 7

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

Is a light absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. -The reason why plants are green

Chlorphyll

In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

Chlorplast

-Photosynthesis occurs here. A leaf's green color comes from chlorophyll, a light absorbing pigment in the ______ that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. -are concentrated in the cells of mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf. -______ are surrounded by a double membrane and contain stacks of thylakoids and a thick fluid called stroma.

Chlorplasts

A plants leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis. They contain pigments that absorb different colors of lights. Mostly red and blue but not green A plants leaves would be expected to have large amounts of what?

Chlorplasts

_________ is a long term change of the global climate for long periods of time.

Climate Change

A plant uses the products of the Calvin cycle for which of the following? A. To make starch B. To make cellulose C. To make molecules used in protein synthesis D. All of the above

D. All of the above

How does the photosynthesis reaction compare to the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

It is the reverse reaction. In cellular respiration, sugar is broken down in the presence of O2.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Light Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

True or false: More than half of the world's plant and animal species live in the tropical rain forests.

True

Certain _____ of visible light are absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments

Wavelengths

Sugarcane and corn

examples of C4 plants

Stacks of thylakoids are called

grana

-The planet is warmed by solar radiation passing through the atmosphere and warming the earth's surface. -Heat radiating back from the warmed plant absorbed by _____ gases such as CO2, water vapor, and methane and then reflecting that heat back to earth.

greenhouse effect

Explain how the electron transport chain and H+gradient generate ATP, NADPH, and oxygen in the light reactions.

-Electrons move down the electron transport chain to provide energy for ATP production. The electrons are pulled through the chain with oxygen.electron goes through the transport chain and reduces NADP+ to NADPH. O2 is a product of H2O getting split.

How do plants produce oxygen?

-Photosynthesis produces oxygen. It is in the presence of light, green plants convert CO2 and H2O into sugar and oxygen.

Steps of the Calvin cycle

1. Carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. release of one molecule of G3P 4. Regeneration of RuBP

A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP.

ATP Synthase

What are the products of the light reactions?

ATP and NADPH (electron carrier)

Products of light reactions

ATP, NADPH, and O2

What do the 2 photosystems work together to harvest like to generate what?

ATP,NADPH, and releases O2

An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis) thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs.

Autotrophs

What links photosystem I with photosystem II? A. The products of the dark reactions B. An electron transport chain C. The creation of oxygen gas D. The fixation of CO2

B. An electron transport chain

Which of the following substances provides the majority of the atoms that make up the sugar produced by photosynthesis? A.Water B.Carbon Dioxide C.Oxygen D.Hydrogen

B.Carbon Dioxide

The Calvin cycle is cyclic because? A. CO2 is constantly acquired during carbon fixation B. It constantly makes G3P C. RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reactions D. NADPH and ATP are used from the light reactions

C. RuBP is regenerated in the final chemical reactions

A toxin is found to inhibit the uptake of CO2 into plant leaves. This toxin would most directly affect the ____________ ____________. A.Light reactions B.Splitting of H2O C.Calvin cycle D.Absorption of solar energy

C.Calvin cycle

They are the normal plants. They are named like this because the 1st product of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle is a 3-carbon molecule. Widely distributed in the world. Include agricultural plants. Undergo photorespiration in hot, dry environments.

C3 plants

Have adaptations that minimize photorespiration so that these plants can live in hot, dry areas. Names such because the 1st product of Carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle is a 4 carbon molecule. These plants avoid photorespiration.

C4 plants

Have adapted to very dry or arid climates. These plants have adapted to only open their stomata at night to take in and store CO2 as malic acid. This stored carbon is then used during the day when light is available for photosynthesis to occur. Stomata is closed during the day to prevent drying out

CAM Plants

Reactants of Calvin cycle

CO2, ATP, NADPH

Soybeans, wheat, and rice

Examples of C3 plants

Includes pineapples, many cacti and other succulent (H2O storing plants)

Examples of CAM plants

True of false: During photosynthesis, CO2 is split to release oxygen gas.

False, O2 us created as a result off splitting H2O

True or false: A photoautotroph is a type of heterotroph that uses solar energy to produce sugars.

False, a photoautotroph is not a heterotroph. It would be an autotroph.

-1st vital necessity photosynthesis provides us for life -The producers who under go photosynthesis are ___ sources for consumers.

Food

Is the product of the Calvin cycle. This molecule is used to make glucose and any other sugars the cell needs.

G3P

Products of Calvin Cycle

G3P

What are the products of the Calvin cycle?

G3P (a 3 carbon molecule that is the building block of glucose and other sugars the cell needs)

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain.

Heterotrophs

-2nd vital necessity photosynthesis provides us for life -Organisms require this to survive

Oxygen

An international agreement reached at the __________ seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming.

Paris climate conference of 2015

An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources.

Photoautrophs

In a plant cell, a metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases CO2 and decreases photosynthetic output. ________ generally occurs on hot, dry days, when stomata close, O2 accumulates in the leaf, and rubisco fixes O2 torespiration produces no sugar molecules or ATP rather than CO2 .

Photorespiration

_______ is the process by which a plants adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2

Photorespiration

-Thylakoid membranes contain proteins called _________. -They are proteins with chlorophyll in them. -They capture the solar energy of light.

Photosystems

General flow in light reactions

Photosystems II, Electron Transport Chain, Photosystems I

An organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic raw materials: a plant, algae, or autotrophic prokaryote.

Producer

it's a 5 carbon compound involved in the Calvin cycle, which is part of the light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

RuBP

The enzyme that attaches CO2 to RuBP

Rubisco

Liquid around the thylakoids

Stroma

A new bacterium is discovered in Lake Superior. Scientists are able to determine that these bacteria produce oxygen gas. What is likely to be true about these organisms?

The bacteria are likely photoautotroph and perform photosynthesis. (Because of the O2 produced)

Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?

The sun/sunlight

A common misconception is that the greenhouse effect is bad. Briefly explain why this is not necessarily true.

Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be significantly cooler and not as hospitable to life as we know it.

equation of photosynthesis

light energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

location of calvin cycle

stroma of the chloroplasts

location of light reactions

thylakoid membrane

where light reactions occur

thylakoid membrane

Reactants of light reactions

water and light