Biology Chapters 1-4 Tests

how is carbon released into the biosphere?

-Rain over the oceans releases dissolved -carbon dioxide human activity releases carbon dioxide -using fossil fuels

which of the following is a use of radioactive isotopes?

-can determine the ages of rocks and fossils -can be used to treat cancer and kill bacteria that cause food to spoil -used as "tracers" to follow the movement of substances within organisms

if an atom contains 11 protons and 12, it's atomic number is

11

what is the pH of the strongest base listed in figure 2 - 1?

13.0

how many neutrons would you expect potassium(K) to have?

20

using your periodic table of elements found on page r - 13 of your student agenda, how many valence electrons would tin(Sn) have?

4

What is the pH of the weakest acid listed in figure 2-1?

6.2

If an atom contains three protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number would be

7

Again looking at figure 2.3, which part of this molecule would be representative of the amino group of the compound?

A

Looking at figure 2.1, which would represent a cation?

A

What is the indicator on the periodic table of elements that informed the user the elements could bond ionically?

A + sign or a - sign

which type of pyramid shows the amount of individuals in a trophic level in an ecosystem?

A number pyramid

a well tested explanation that explains a lot of observations is

A theory

Referring to figure 2.2, where would you find the DNA "alphabet"?

A&B

what is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started?

Activation energy

Due to the forces of __________capillary action can happen in the root systems of plants.

Adhesive

which of the following statements about enzymes is NOT true?

All enzymes have the same shape as their substrates.

Familiarize yourself with figure 2.3, the compound illustrated is part of a protein. What is the name of this part (the whole chemical structure)?

Amino acid

How are microclimates related to climates?

An area's climate is made up of the average conditions for that area over long periods. A climate area can be divided into several microclimates because environmental conditions can vary over small distances.

Plants are

Autotrophs

A scientist conducted an experiment to determine the effect of environment on the fur color of a Himalayan rabbit. The Himalayan rabbit typically has a white coat except for its colder nose, feet, tail, and ears, which are black. The scientist shaved an area of hair on the back of each rabbit, then placed an ice pack over the shaved area on one rabbit(A). In Figure 1 - 3, which rabbit is the control?

B

Referring to figure 2.1, which part would be the fatty acids?

B

which best describes the process of nitrogen fixation?

Bacteria found on the roots of plants bonds nitrogen with hydrogen to from nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia.

The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the

Biomass

what is the portion of the earth called that contains living and non-living systems, but has dominant plant and animal species and similar climate patterns? This is a combination of many ecosystems together.

Biome

the highest level of environmental complexity that includes all living and nonliving factors is the

Biosphere

Above is a diagram of a lipid molecule. How can you tell if this is a saturated fat or an unsaturated fat?

By the presence of double covalent bonds.

Referring to figure 2.2, which area represents the phosphate group?

C

identify the reactants(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

CO2 and H2O

a monosaccharide is a

Carbohydrate

Figure 3.A represents what biogeochemical cycle?

Carbon

I told you there was one very important element that plays the role of the "backbone" in the chemical structure of organic compounds. What element plays this role?

Carbon

The work of scientists usually begins with

Careful observations

a shark attacks, kills, and then eats a seal. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe the shark?

Carnivore, consumer

what type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?

Cation

what are the smallest objects that biologists study?

Cells

feeding relationships in an ecosystem that show the flow of energy make up a food

Chain

What is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals?

Chemical reaction

_____forces hold water molecules together forming weak, temporary hydrogen bonds.

Cohesion

Explain how ocean currents originate and affect Earth's climates.

Cold water near the poles sinks and then flows parallel to the ocean bottom, eventually rising again in warmer regions through a process called upwelling. Meanwhile, surface water is moved by winds. In both cases, the water flow creates ocean currents. Like air currents, ocean currents transport heat energy within the biosphere. Surface ocean currents warm or cool the air above them, thus affecting the weather and climate of nearby landmasses.

Using a universal system of measurement is most important during which part of scientific methodology?

Collecting data

Some orchids grow high on trees so that they can get enough light for photosynthesis. The trees are unaffected by the presence of the orchids. The relationship between the orchids and the trees is an example of____________________________________________

Commensalism

Which level of organization best represents an assemblage of a like individuals that live together in a defined area?

Community

Over time, some plants growing in an area are crowded out by other plants. The new plants use up water and nutrients needed by the previous plants. The disappearance of the first plants is due to

Competition exclusion

which of the following terms describes a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite proportions?

Compound

the zooplankton at the beginning of the food chain in figure 3 - 1 are

Consumers

An experiment in which only one variable is changed is a(an) ______ experiment.

Controlled

again considering the element in question number two, what kind of bonds usually form between it and other elements?

Covalent

Why is creativity considered a scientific attitude?

Creativity help scientists come up with different experiments.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period is called

Data

an organism that breaks down organic matter into detritus are referred to as

Detrivore

which of the following is NOT recycled in the biosphere?

Energy

which of the processes would be considered the geological part of the biogeochemical cycle?

Erosion, volcano activity, deposition

The metric system is based on multiples of 100.

False; 10

The isotope oxygen - 18 has 18 protons.

False; 8

The basic unit of matter is the MOLECULE.

False; atom

A substance with equal numbers of H+ ions and OH - ions is AN ALKALINE SOLUTION.

False; neutral substance

"The bird has brown spots on its wings" is an example of an INFERENCE.

False; observation

The substances that are present when a chemical reaction begins are the PRODUCTS.

False; reactants

Scientists always apply evidence to support their results because they know other scientists will apply the scientific attitude of CURIOSITY.

False; skepticism

Water is the greatest SOLUTE in the world.

False; solvent

A scientist working in the early 1900s came up with a hypothesis. Over the next hundred years, other scientists tested the hypothesis and found that it could make predictions about numerous new situations time and time again. This hypothesis can now rightfully be considered a RESULT.

False; theory

What makes up a lipid molecule?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

what is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers?

Food web

The pH scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentrations of _________in a solution.

H+ and OH- ions

Enzyme reactions can be affected by______, ________, and other _________.

Heat, pH, and other enzymes

which of the following is a form of energy that may be released during a chemical reaction?

Heat, sound, light

what animals eat only producers?

Herbivores

the process by which organisms keep everything inside their bodies within certain limits is called

Homeostasis

Which one of these is NOT ensured by Biogeochemical cycling?

Human activity will have no effect on elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter.

Elodea is a plant that lives in water. Like all plans, elodea can make its own food through a process called photosynthesis. Oxygen gas is also produced during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can only happen in the presence of light. To measure the rate of photosynthesis, a piece of elodea can be placed in an inverted test tube filled with sodium bicarbonate solution. Oxygen gas produced by photosynthesis will collect at the top of the test tube. A student has designed an experiment using elodea plants. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1 - 4. What do you think the students hypothesis was?

If the plants are placed in 4 different states of light, then the photosynthesis will process at a slower / faster rate.

Referring to figure 3.B where does the process that converts nitrites and nitrates back into nitrogen gas occur?

In the soil

Interactions among organisms can consist of roles such as predatory / pray or mutualistic relationships like flowers and bees. With these interactions and relationships in mind, what is meant by interdependence?

Individual species depend on other living organisms and the non-living environment for their survival.

the model of an enzyme is best described as a(an) __________ model.

Induced fit model

a scientist working in which area of biology is most likely to study DNA?

Information and heredity

Referring to figure 2.1, what kind of bonding is diagrammed?

Ionic

Thinking of the element in question number 2, what is the principal characteristic that makes it so essential for forming macromolecules?

It has four valence electrons

If a large omnivore were introduced to this food web, what impact would it have?

It would eat at every level, limiting the food available for other top-level consumers.

which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why some North American birds fly south for the winter?

Living things respond to their environment.

The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is called__________.

Metabolism

the basic unit of length in the metric system is

Meter

What four common metric units in Figure 1 - 5 are used to measure length?

Meters, centimeters, millimeters, and kilometers.

this next question is in an analogy. Think of the relationship of glucose has to starch... Glucose is to starch as _______ is to polymers

Monomers

Which nutrient cycle is represented in figure 3.B?

Nitrogen

Are you likely to find zooplankton in the aphotic, benthic zone of an ocean?

No. Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and phytoplankton cannot photo-synthesize in the dark.

the ecological methods used to do research rely on the application of the scientific method and can help guide ecological inquiry. Which examples are part of the methods most commonly used by ecologists?

Noticing the type of vegetation and organisms need to survive, making predictions on what would happen if it was limited, using an ecological pyramid to represent the transfer of mass.

Using figure 2.2, what type of macromolecules is modeled in the image?

Nucleic acid

the polymers of nucleic acid are referred to as?

Nucleotides

The central, dense region of the atom is referred to as....

Nucleus

Pyramid C best represents the pyramid of _______________.

Numbers

the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis is?

Only happens in the ocean, the other in land-based organism.

After a scientist publishes a paper, someone else finds evidence that the paper's hypothesis may not be correct. The scientist is unhappy, but studies the new evidence anyway. The scientist is showing which scientific attitude?

Open mindedness

a nutrient that is short in supplies is referred to as a limiting nutrient. How does a limiting nutrient affect the productivity of an organism?

Organism will not survive

what are the main components of a nucleic acid?

Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle that makes up the atom?

Photon

Predator is to prey as herbivore is to______________________________

Plants

Again referencing figure 3.A, which is NOT a way carbon is released out of the cycle?

Plants, Trees, Algae

the process of making macromolecules is referred to as

Polymerization

If a chain of figure 2.3 were to link together, what would be formed?

Polypeptide Chain

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as_________.

Products

One subatomic particle remains constant (meaning it does not gain or lose), this particle makes up the atomic number and is known as

Protons

what particles make up the mass of the atom?

Protons and neutrons

which two subatomic particles would be found within the central, dense region of the atom?

Protons and neutrons

what statement is true?

RNA molecules are made up of nucleotides

why is rabbit B essential to the experiment in Figure 1 - 3?

Rabbit B is essential because we need to know what happens to the fur before we put on the ice.

Think of the molecule of water, it is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen and hydrogen represent what part of a chemical equation?

Reactants

in chemical reactions, the atoms that make up the molecules are

Rearranged

In Pyramid A of Figure 3A, which trophic level gets 10% of the original energy from the sun?

Second trophic level

Regrowth of grasses, ferns, wildflowers, and saplings after a forest fire is an example of__________________________________ succession.

Secondary

What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?

Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces.

In the water cycle shown in figure 3 - 3, the process of _________occurs between runoff and uptake.

Seepage

how does society help science advance?

Society raises questions that science can help answer.

when salt is dissolved in water, water is the

Solvent

Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?

Species make up populations, which make up communities

another question referring to the element in question number two. Because of its ability to bond with other atoms, this element can form macromolecules. Which of the following would NOT be a chemical structure that can be formed when these large compounds form?

Stars

What is a role of carbohydrates in living systems?

Store energy and cell structure

what is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?

Sunlight

while preparing a cell culture, a scientist places a colony of bacteria into distilled water and stirs it up. This mixture of water and living cells would be best called a (an)

Suspension

In reference to figure 3 - 4, why do the arrows point away from the producers to the consumers?

The arrows go from the producers to the consumers showing the energy transfer path.

Figure 4-4 shows a decrease in the deer population after 1925. Give one possible reason for this population decline. Explain your reasoning.

The carrying capacity was exceeded since there were so few wolves to eat the deer the deer population peaked in 1925. Deer then competed for available resources like food and eventually the population decreased because there was a food shortage. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem had been exceeded. Wolves were at low numbers and did not keep the deer population down.

What would likely happen if the population of the bird species shown in the ecosystem in Figure 4-1 were to suddenly decrease?

The fish population would increase.

A fisherman catches the bass and eats it. What level consumer would the fisherman be?

The fisherman would be a 4th level consumer.

In figure 3 - 4, how many third level( or higher ) consumers are there for each second level consumer?

The frog has one third level consumer, the snake has 2 level consumers, and the rabbit has three and the deer has one.

In figure 3.C, what would happen if the grasshopper were removed from this food web?

The harvest mouse would have less available nutrients to depend on.

Okay, let's say goodbye to macromolecules and consider chemical reactions. What is the law that applies to the recycling of elements that takes place in chemical reactions?

The law of conservation of matter

the standard or English system of measurement uses units such as yards, miles, quarts, and gallons. The metric system uses units such as meters, kilometers, milliliters, and liters. Why is the metric system easier to use than the English system?

The metric system is based on multiples of 10.

If the pH of stomach acid and of oven cleaner were measured,

The pH of stomach acid would be below 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be above 7.

which of the following statements about a compound is true?

The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed.

Suppose a scientist must choose whether to publish a report in the newspaper or in a peer-reviewed journal. What is the benefit of publishing in the journal?

The quality of the report will meet high scientific standards.

Figure 3 - 4 shows a food web arranged into trophic levels. How many energy transferring steps away from the sun is the snake? How do you know?

The snake is three steps away because it's in the 2nd trophic level, also it's the third energy transferring level. It gets 1% of the original energy.

How do scientific theories compared to hypotheses?

Theories unifiy a broad range of observations and hypotheses.

Suppose that a scientific idea is well tested and can be used to make predictions in numerous new situations, but cannot explain one particular event. This idea is a

Theory that may need revision.

if the ribbed mussel and the zooplankton were removed from the 2nd trophic level, what would happen to the organisms in the first trophic level?

There would be an overgrowth of algae and Marsh Grass

A scientist discovers an important breakthrough in cancer treatment. The scientist thinks the information could save thousands of lives and immediately announces the results on national television, skipping peer-review. How might other scientists react to this news?

They will be skeptical because the report was not peer- reviewed.

what is the least important reason and understanding the relationship (levels of organization) that happen within the biosphere?

To better understand how climate impacts the abiotic features in an ecosystem.

which is NOT a role of lipids?

Transmission of messages

Water vapor being pulled from the plants in figure 3 - 3 is called _________.

Transpiration

what is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web?

Trophic level

A substance made up of only one kind of atom is an ELEMENT.

True

ADHESION is responsible for the surface of the water in a graduated cylinder that is slightly curved at the sides.

True

All forms of life are connected to each other in a BIOSPHERE, which means a "living planet".

True

An important goal of a scientist is to use EVIDENCE to learn about the natural world.

True

BUFFERS are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in PH.

True

Biologists study life on all levels from molecules to THE ENTIRE PLANET.

True

For a hypothesis to have value, it must be TESTABLE.

True

LIPIDS are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

True

POLYSACCHARIDES are formed through the process known as polymerization.

True

Scientist show the composition of compounds by a kind of shorthand known as a CHEMICAL FORMULA.

True

scientists usually believe ideas that are supported by EVIDENCE.

True

which of the following makes up a molecule of water?

Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen

which country has the highest amount of consumption of the Earth's natural resources, this is based on Raven's observations from the Forever Wild video?

U.S.

How does studying science help you be a better member of society?

Understanding how science works will help you make better decisions.

which part of the atom would bond with other elements to form compounds?

Valence electrons

Due to ___________ forces the design of a gecko's feet enables it to climb up vertical surfaces.

Van Der Waal

What is the intermolecular force that enables geckos and insects to walk on walls and ceilings?

Van Der Waal forces

Look at figure 2.3 again and take notice of the letter "R". What does that R represent?

Variable

Which is one way a freshwater wetland differs from a lake or pond?

Water does not always cover a wetland as it does a lake or pond.

How does an area's weather differ from the area's climate?

Weather is the area's day-to-day conditions and climate is the area's average conditions.

Again using your periodic table of elements could francium(Fr) bond ionically was fluorine(F)?

Yes

Referring again to figure 3.A, does the cycle have an atmospheric stage?

Yes

okay, the element in question number two was so important this is the fourth question about it... Can this element bond with itself?

Yes

a personal preference or point of view is

a bias

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and

a different number of neutrons

based on your observations you suggest that the presence of water could accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is

a hypothesis

during a controlled experiment a scientist isolates and tests

a single variable

science is best described as

a way of knowing

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

ability to move

a substance with a pH of 6 is called

an acid

Solutions that contain concentrations of H+ ions lower than pure water

are bases

the name of an enzyme usually ends in________.

ase

No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

because of the competitive exclusion principle.

matter can recycle through the biosphere because

biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it

Using figure 3A Pyramid B represents the total amount of___________.

biomass

A scientific hypothesis

can be tested by experiments or observations

a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(an)

catalyst

A tropical rain forest may not return to its original climax community after which of the following disturbances?

clearing and farming

The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can and does change. Would conditions on Earth be worse if the concentration of these gases increased or if it decreased? Use Figure 4-2 to explain your answer.

conditions would be worse because the amount of heat trapped by the gases would increase. This increase in Earth's temperature would change climates all across the planet.

Scientists will never know for sure why dinosaurs became extinct. Therefore, scientists should

continue to learn as much as they can about dinosaur extinction

A student sees a bee on the flower. the student wonders how to the bee finds flowers. this student is displaying the scientific attitude of

curiosity

if the number of protons equals the number of electrons, the atom / element is considered...

electrically neutral

If an atom contains 15 protons, it must contain 15_______.

electrons

The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because

energy flows in one direction and nutrients recycle

carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT

evaporation

A solution is a(an)

evenly distributed mixture of two or more substances

the photic zone

extends to a depth of about 200 meters.

The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results in

global wind patterns.

Most of the energy available to a consumer trophic level is used by organisms for

growth, repair and maintenance

Scientist try to use explanations of the natural world to understand patterns and make ___________about natural events

inferences

Science and society are interdependent. However, science cannot answer all of society's questions because science has__________.

limits

if you stir salt into boiling water, you produce a

mixture called a solution

Complex carbohydrates are to monosaccharides as polymers are to ________.

monomers

Which landforms are not classified into a major biome?

mountain ranges

chemical reactions that release energy

often occur spontaneously

This should be an easy one... The study of compounds that makes up living things is referred to as...

organic chemistry

water molecules are polar, with the

oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being slightly positive

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed and another benefits is

parasitism

Cells in multicellular organisms have many different sizes and shapes. These differences in cells is called cell specialization. Cell specialization allows cells to

perform different functions

Sodium is a silvery metal that is soft enough to cut it with a knife. This description is an example of

physical properties

A wolf pack hunts, kills, and feeds on a moose. In this interaction, the wolves are

predators

How do predators affect the populations of their prey?

predators keep the population of their prey from getting too large by eating the prey animals

a covalent bond is formed as the result of

sharing an electron pair

in a water molecule, shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atom. As a result, the oxygen atom is

slightly negative

Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the

speed of the reaction

What would happen if a limiting nutrient was added to the Eelgrass in diagram 1?

the Eelgrass would thrive.

the repeated movement of water between Earth's surface and the atmosphere is called

the hydrologic cycle

An organism's niche is

the range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way it obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.

a hawk that eats a snake that has eaten a mouse that fed on a plant is a

third level consumer

Which of the following is NOT a goal of science?

to establish a collection of unchanging truths.

the role of nucleic acids are

to store genetic information

Which two biomes have the least precipitation?

tundra and desert

Atom is a Greek word atomos which means

unable to be cut

The electrons found in the outermost energy level of an atom are referred to as...

valence electrons