Biology Chapters 29 and 30 - Quiz 8
In humans, the transparent sac that contains fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature and pressure is the A. amnion B. yolk sac C. embryonic disc D. chorionic villus E. chorion
A. amnion
The cap-like __________________ covers the head of the sperm and releases enzymes that will help the sperm penetrate the egg. A. epididymis B. vas deferens C. acrosome D. mitochondria E. nucleus
C. acrosome
If a human fetus is ___________ and the pregnant woman is ______________, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur. A. Rh-negative; Rh-positive B. Type "AB"; Type "O" C. Type "O"; Type "AB" D. Rh-positive; Rh-negative E. Rh-positive; Type "AB"
D. Rh-positive; Rh-negative
Although impossible in humans, what is the result if two sperm fertilized an egg? A. a haploid zygote with one third of the total chromosomes from each gamete B. a diploid zygote with one half of the total chromosomes from each gamete C. a diploid zygote with all of the chromosomes from each gamete D. a triploid zygote with all of the chromosomes from each gamete E. identical twins
D. a triploid zygote with all of the chromosomes from each gamete
An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly-sensitive immune system is termed a(n) A. autoimmune disease. B. primary immune response. C. secondary immune response. D. allergy. E. innate defense stimulator.
D. allergy
In human males, the different types of male sex hormones are collectively called A. estrogens B. growth hormones C. progesterones D. androgens E. follicle-stimulating hormones
D. androgens
In females, nearly all cases of ______ cancer are associated with the human papillomavirus. A. ovarian B. lung C. breast D. cervical E. All answers are correct
D. cervical
Thalidomide was given to pregnant women from 1957-1961 to help relieve the symptoms of morning sickness. Thalidomide binds to and inactivates the protein cereblon, which is important in limb formation. If a woman took thalidomide during the _____ period of her baby's development, it could result in stunted growth of their limbs. A. preembryonic B. fetal C. prezygotic D. embryonic E. delivery
D. embryonic
White blood cells are produced A. by mitotic division of other white blood cells. B. from platelets. C. from chondrocytes. D. from bone marrow stem cells. E. from plasma proteins.
D. from bone marrow stem cells
The diploid first cell of a new organism is a(n) A. gamete. B. sperm. C. polar body. D. zygote. E. ovum.
D. zygote
What does the human reproductive system create? A. a new gamete B. a genetically-identical copy of an existing human C. a genetically-identical cell D. a genetically-different cell E. a genetically-unique offspring
E. a genetically-unique offspring
Which of the following are examples of humoral immunity? A. a cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell B. a self-attack from an autoimmune disease C. antibodies produced that create an immunodeficiency D. antibodies produced that clone a pathogen E. antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen
E. antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen
The cells in the ovary that give rise to the mature egg cells are the A. follicle cells B. primary spermatocytes C. endometrial cells D. polar bodies E. oocytes
E. oocytes
Fertilization of a secondary oocyte normally occurs in the A. ovary B. vagina C. fallopian tube D. uterus E. cervix
C. fallopian tube
B cells or T cells are A. basophils. B. invaders. C. lymphocytes. D. allergies. E. vaccines.
C. lymphocytes
In the male, the sac-like structure that contains the testes is the A. epididymis B. vas deferens C. scrotum D. ureter E. seminal vesicle
C. scrotum
The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ______, versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is ______. A. to recognize any antigen; to recognize a specific antigen B. to recognize a specific antigen; to recognize any antigen C. to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity D. to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity; to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; E. to create antigens; to destroy antibodies
C. to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity
Which of the following is correct about primary and secondary immune responses? A. The primary immune response occurs first. B. The primary immune response is smaller. C. Both respond to foreign antigens. D. All answers are correct. E. Both are responses of adaptive immunity.
D. All answers are correct. -The primary immune response occurs first. -The primary immune response is smaller. -Both respond to foreign antigens. -Both are responses of adaptive immunity.
Which of the following is not considered to be a major part of the immune system? A. thymus B. bone marrow C. spleen D. pancreas E. lymph node
D. pancreas
Why does the expulsion of the placenta not occur until the final stage of labor? A. to remove waste from the fetus during labor B. to provide nourishment to the fetus during labor C. to provide oxygen to the fetus during labor D. to remove carbon dioxide from the fetus during labor E. All answers are correct
E. All answers are correct -To remove waste from the fetus during labor. -To provide nourishment to the fetus during labor. -To provide oxygen to the fetus during labor. -To remove carbon dioxide from the fetus during labor.
Mature human sperm cells A. are haploid B. are secondary spermatocytes C. contain 46 chromosomes D. are primary spermatocytes E. undergo meiosis
A. are haploid
The surge of the hormone _______________ in the bloodstream of the female triggers ovulation A. FSH B. LH C. estrogen D. progesterone E. GnRH
B. LH
A tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in which the fallopian tubes are severed, and then tied. How would this cause sterility? A. Oocytes cannot be produced by meiosis B. Oocytes cannot move to the uterus C. Oocytes cannot be produced by mitosis D. A woman cannot have an orgasm E. The ovary stops producing estrogen
B. Oocytes cannot move to the uterus
Why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers? A. People who contract HIV engage in risky behavior that causes them to get other infections and cancer. B. Their immune systems are suppressed. C. HIV triggers an autoimmune response. D. AIDS is not caused by HIV, so HIV could be causing the other infections. E. An AIDS patient's immune system is very strong since it is fighting the HIV infection.
B. Their immune systems are suppressed.
Which of the following is correct about sexually-transmitted diseases? A. All STDs are treatable with antibiotics if caught early enough B. Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi can cause STDs C. STDs cannot be contracted through oral sex D. All answers are correct E. All STDs can kill a human if left untreated
B. Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi can cause STDs
A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n) A. interferon. B. antibody. C. complement protein. D. phagocyte. E. B cell.
B. antibody
Which of the following is NOT a component of a sperm cell? A. flagellum B. cilia C. nucleus D. acrosome E. mitochondria
B. cilia
The primary function of a vaccine is to A. introduce antibodies into a person. B. create immunological memory without causing disease. C. introduce synthetic drugs into a person. D. give a person a mild disease. E. stimulate the production of blood platelets.
B. create immunological memory without causing disease
Athletes who take synthetic steroids can become sterile due to lack of sperm production. This is because of negative feedback on which of the following? A. the epididymis B. the testes C. the vas deferens D. the prostate E. the hypothalamus
B. the testes
Which of the following is a major difference between adaptive immunity and innate defenses? A. Adaptive immunity includes defense components which are multicellular, such as skin, tears, and mucus; innate defenses include cellular and subcellular components. B. Adaptive immunity responses are the first to attack an invader; innate defenses are the second responses to attack an invader. C. Adaptive immunity responses are produced only on demand; innate defenses are always produced. D. Adaptive immunity responses are similar to most pathogens; innate defenses are always specific for specific pathogens. E. All answers are correct.
C. Adaptive immunity responses are produced only on demand; innate defenses are always produced.
Why would HIV infection lead to immunodeficiency? A. All of the antibodies in the body bind to HIV and cannot bind other pathogens. B. HIV infects the bone marrow where immune cells are produced. C. HIV infects T helper cells. D. Antibodies cannot bind to HIV. E. The body cannot make antibodies to HIV.
C. HIV infects helper cells.
Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection? A. T cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens. B. B cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens. C. Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens. D. Cytotoxic T cells attack pathogens in the lymph nodes, triggering inflammation. E. Vasodilation increases blood flow in the lymph nodes.
C. Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens.
How does a vasectomy cause sterility? A. Sperm cannot be produced by meiosis B. Sperm cannot be produced by mitosis C. Sperm cannot move to the urethra D. A man cannot get an erection E. The testes stop producing testosterone
C. Sperm cannot move to the urethra
In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason? A. Antibodies attack the kidney. B. The antibody complexes become trapped in the lymph. C. The antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney. D. The kidney is a part of the lymphatic system and becomes full of lymphocytes. E. The kidney is part of the immune system and becomes full of leukocytes.
C. The antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney.
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow? A. They would be paralyzed. B. They could not filter their blood and would require dialysis. C. They would be immunocompromised. D. They could not produce bile. E. Their bones would degenerate.
C. They would be immunocompromised
Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to which of the following by a pregnant woman? A. a self antigen on red blood cells B. a foreign antibody on red blood cells C. a foreign antigen on red blood cells D. a self antibody on red blood cells
C. a foreign antigen on red blood cells
Which of the following is not part of the innate defense response? A. cilia that sweep bacteria out of the respiratory tract B. the process of inflammation C. antibody production D. fever production E. the complement-protein system
C. antibody production
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", which of the following would a person in a less-developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more-developed country, according to the hygiene hypothesis? A. bacterial infection B. parasites C. asthma D. viral infection E. fungal infection
C. asthma
Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen? A. increased number of white blood cells only. B. increased migration of white blood cells to site of infection only. C. both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection. D. increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood only. E. both increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood and number of white blood cells.
C. both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection.
The tightly coiled tube that receives and stores sperm from one testis is a(n) A. scrotum B. vas deferens C. epididymis D. prostate gland E. seminal vesicle
C. epididymis
In a secondary oocyte, meiosis is arrested in metaphase II until A. ovulation B. FSH is present C. fertilization occurs D. LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary E. puberty
C. fertilization occurs
The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates release of LH and FSH in both the male and female is A. human growth hormone B. testosterone C. gonadotropin-releasing hormone D. estrogen hormone E. human chorionic gonadotropin
C. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
In organisms that reproduce sexually, ________ are the sex cells that carry the genetic information from each parent. A. diploid zygotes B. haploid zygotes C. haploid gametes D. diploid gametes E. diploid hormones
C. haploid gametes
HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of A. blood platelets. B. B cells. C. helper T cells. D. cytotoxic T cells. E. plasma cells.
C. helper T cells
The hormone that is the basis of most pregnancy tests is A. follicle-stimulating hormone B. luteinizing hormone C. human chorionic gonadotropin D. estrogen E. progesterone
C. human chorionic gonadotropin
A caterpillar turning into a butterfly is an example of A. external fertilization B. internal fertilization C. indirect development D. direct development E. reproduction
C. indirect development
The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is A. histamine. B. complement protein. C. interleukin. D. all of the answers. E. epinephrine.
C. interleukin
A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a A. B cell. B. T cell. C. macrophage. D. plasma cell. E. chondrocyte.
C. macrophage
Which of the following are examples of active immunity? A. a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies B. antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies C. only antibodies produced from a vaccine D. only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta E. only a person receiving an injection of antibodies
C. only antibodies produced from a vaccine
Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly-stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are A. cytotoxic T cells. B. helper T cells. C. plasma cells. D. macrophages. E. all of the answers.
C. plasma cells
The structure that secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim is the A. urethra B. seminal vesicle C. prostate gland D. vas deferens E. epididymis
C. prostate gland
The tube-like structure that serves as the birth canal in the human female is the A. cervix B. vulva C. vagina D. uterus E. uterine tube
C. vagina
Which of the following is a method in which a pathogen can enter a vertebrate and the immune system defends against it? A. sneezing B. viruses C. parasites D. All answers are correct. E. kissing
D. All answers are correct sneezing viruses parasites kissing
Immunological memory results from the production of A. both B and T memory cells. B. both mast and B memory cells. C. mast memory cells only. D. B memory cells only. E. T memory cells only.
D. B memory cells only
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. A major challenge is finding a donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient? A. If they don't match, the donor's immune system will see the recipient's bone marrow as foreign. B. MHC proteins make antibodies which could attack the recipient's immune system. C. MHC proteins serve as inhibitors of the immune system. D. If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign. E. MHC proteins are used by cytotoxic T cells to kill bacteria, and if they don't match they won't work properly.
D. If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign.
Birth control pills contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone. What effect would this have on the hypothalamus? A. It would secrete less FSH and LH B. It would secrete more gonadotrophin-releasing hormone C. It would secrete more FSH and LH D. It would secrete less gonadotrophin-releasing hormone E. There would be no effect on the hypothalamus
D. It would secrete less gonadotrophin-releasing hormone*
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", what is the hygiene hypothesis? A. People who have more infections will have an overactive immune system. B. People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have more infections. C. People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have a weaker immune system. D. People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system. E. People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have fewer infections.
D. People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system.
HIV infects the bone marrow where immune cells are produced A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which of the following is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS? A. The virus reproduces very rapidly. B. It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus. C. The virus is transmitted sexually. D. The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat. E. The virus is not technically alive.
D. The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat.
Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations? A. an inactivated pathogen B. inactivated toxins C. subunits of pathogens D. a live weakened pathogen E. individual proteins from pathogens
D. a live weakened pathogen
In a process called ______, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly-stimulated B cells. A. conjugation B. meiotic regeneration C. recombination D. clonal selection E. artificial selection
D. clonal selection
The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is A. histamine. B. interleukin. C. plasma. D. complement protein. E. epinephrine.
D. complement protein
If a preembryo splits before day 12 of development in humans, then ______ are usually formed. A. polar bodies B. secondary oocytes C. fraternal twins D. identical twins E. embryonic discs
D. identical twins
The innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is A. histamine. B. interleukin. C. complement protein. D. interferon. E. epinephrine.
D. interferon
A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n) A. pathogen. B. subtle pathogen. C. secondary pathogen. D. opportunistic pathogen. E. unlikely pathogen.
D. opportunistic pathogen *?* C. secondary pathogen
The structure that secretes most of the fluid found in the semen and opens into the vas deferens is the A. epididymis B. urethra C. ejaculatory duct D. seminal vesicle E. seminiferous tubule
D. seminal vesicle
In the late 1950s, some women took ______ as a tranquilizer to relieve morning sickness and it caused deformed limbs in developing embryos. A. acetaminophen B. acutane C. erythromycin D. thalidomide E. penicillin
D. thalidomide
Often a woman may first suspect she is pregnant when she misses a period or menstrual cycle. Why is it important for the menstrual cycle to be blocked during a pregnancy? A. to prevent additional fertilizations B. to conserve eggs C. to avoid having twins D. to prevent the blastocyst from being lost E. to prevent the loss of the corpus luteum
D. to prevent the blastocyst from being lost
The muscular sac-like organ of the human female in which the fetus develops is the A. ovary B. labia majora C. vagina D. uterus E. vulva
D. uterus
A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(n) A. antibiotic. B. virus. C. antiviral. D. vaccination. E. injection.
D. vaccination
The correct sequence for the stages in development from conception to birth is A. preembryonic stage, zygote, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. fetal stage, zygote, preembryonic stage, embryonic stage C. preembryonic stage, embryonic stage, zygote, fetal stage D. zygote, preembryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage E. fetal stage, embryonic stage, preembryonic stage, zygote
D. zygote, preembryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
Which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism? A. Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. B. Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. C. Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria. D. Fever kills some bacteria. E. All answers are correct.
E. All answers are correct -Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. -Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. -Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria. -Fever kills some bacteria.
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include A. the acidity of the stomach. B. tear fluid from the eye. C. an un-punctured skin. D. mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. E. All answers are correct.
E. All answers are correct the acidity of the stomach. tear fluid from the eye. an un-punctured skin. mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract.
The structure of reproductive systems is similar between some organisms. What prevents fertilization of gametes from different organisms? A. The sperm is too large or too small to fertilize the egg B. The large body size of one organism and the small body size of the other organism prevents internal fertilization C. One organism reproduces externally and the other organism requires internal fertilization D. Proteins on the surface of the egg and sperm are only recognized by the correct organism E. All answers are correct
E. All answers are correct* -The sperm is too large or too small to fertilize the egg. -The large body size of one organism and the small body size of the other organism prevents internal fertilization. -One organism reproduces externally and the other organism requires internal fertilization. -Proteins on the surface of the egg and sperm are only recognized by the correct organism
Which of the following correctly describes B cells and T cells? A. B cells and T cells are lymphocytes. B. B cells and T cells attack cancerous cells in the body. C. B cells and T cells attack foreign particles in the body. D. B cells and T cells are not innate defenses. E. All answers are correct.
E. All answers are correct. -B cells and T cells are lymphocytes.-B cells and T cells attack cancerous cells in the body. -B cells and T cells attack foreign particles in the body. -B cells and T cells are not innate defenses.
Which of the following would occur if the lymphatic system was absent? A. Cancer would not spread as quickly because cancerous cells would not be transported by the lymphatic system, nor stored in lymph nodes. B. Bacteria located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood. C. Viruses located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood. D. Cancer cells located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
The presence of antibodies against HIV can be used to diagnose an infection that has occurred at least three months earlier. Why couldn't the presence of antibodies against HIV be used to diagnose a more recent infection? A. The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat. B. The virus reproduces very rapidly. C. The virus is transmitted sexually. D. The virus is not technically alive. E. It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus.
E. It takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus.
How does a birth control pill containing estrogen and progesterone prevent pregnancy? A. It would prevent sperm from reaching the egg B. It would cause the embryo to die C. It would prevent implantation on the uterine wall D. It would act as a spermicide, killing sperm E. It would prevent ovulation
E. It would prevent ovulation
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus? A. Each B cell can make antibodies against all antigens. B. The vaccine contains the antibodies against the strains of flu virus so your body does not need to make them. C. Viruses are destroyed by the passive immune system. D. Clonal deletion of B and T cells that recognize the virus occurs. E. Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies occurs.
E. Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies occurs
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year? A. because our bodies develop resistance to the vaccine and it becomes less effective B. because the virus develops resistance to the vaccine C. because the virus cannot mutate into new strains D. because people change their habits each year and become susceptible to different strains of the virus E. because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals, including cats and dogs
E. because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals, including cats and dogs
The gland that forms from ruptured follicle cells in the ovary and secretes estrogen and progesterone is the A. labia majora B. prostate gland C. seminal vesicle D. clitoris E. corpeus luteum
E. corpeus luteum
Which of the following is NOT attacked by the immune system as an intruder in humans? A. ring worm in a foot B. metastasized breast cancer C. brain tumor D. ebola virus E. dead skin cells
E. dead skin cells
The stage of human development that occurs from implantation to about eight weeks after fertilization is the A. zygote B. preembryonic stage C. gastrula D. fetal stage E. embryonic stage
E. embryonic stage
The innate chemical substance produced by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate is A. interleukin. B. complement protein. C. interferon. D. epinephrine. E. histamine.
E. histamine
A female chicken laying a fertilized egg has undergone ____ with a rooster. A. differentiation B. external fertilization C. indirect development D. direct development E. internal fertilization
E. internal fertilization
The hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of the corpeus luteum is A. GnRH B. FSH C. LH D. ATP E. progesterone
E. progesterone
Why does the surface of the oocyte change when the first sperm cell touches the secondary oocyte? A. to prevent the first sperm from further entering the egg before more of the outer layer of follicle cells is penetrated by other sperm B. to prevent the first sperm from fertilizing the egg until the uterus is prepared for implantation C. to allow the first sperm to enter the egg and fertilization to occur D. to allow up to 200 sperm to enter the egg, though only one sperm will fertilize the egg E. to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg
E. to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg
In the male, the tube that extends from the scrotum to the point of connection with the urethra is the A. ejaculatory duct B. ureter C. urethra D. seminiferous tubule E. vas deferens
E. vas deferens
How can an individual protect himself/herself against sexually transmitted diseases? A. All answers are correct B. Get tested regularly and treat all STDs C. Remain in a monogamous relationship with another individual who has been recently tested for STDs D. Abstain from sexual activity or use latex condom during sexual activity E. Get vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B
A. All answers are correct -Get tested regularly and treat all STDs. -Remain in a monogamous relationship with another individual who has been recently tested for STDs. -Abstain from sexual activity or use latex condom during sexual activity. -Get vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B.
If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not? A. B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion. B. Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the spleen. C. Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the bone marrow. D. Macrophages will not present the A antigen to T cells. E. Recombination of the gene for antibodies cannot produce self-reactive clones.
A. B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion. *?* E. Recombination of the gene for antibodies cannot produce self-reactive clones
Often a woman may first suspect she is pregnant when she misses a period or menstrual cycle. What causes a pregnant woman to miss a period? A. Chorionic gonadotropin causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone B. Chorionic gonadotropin blocks the corpus luteum from producing progesterone C. Follicle-stimulating hormone causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone blocks the corpus luteum from producing progesterone E. Luteinizing hormone blocks the corpus luteum from producing progesterone
A. Chorionic gonadotropin causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
Which of the following descriptions is correctly matched with its term? A. Innate defenses : able to defend against any pathogen B. Adaptive immunity : able to defend against any pathogen C. Innate defenses : unable to fight cancerous cells D. Adaptive immunity : unable to fight cancerous cells E. All answers are correct.
A. Innate defenses : able to defend against any pathogen
A diaphragm is a shallow, dome-shaped rubber disk with a flexible rim that fits within the vagina and covers the cervix. How does this act as a contraceptive to prevent pregnancy? A. It would prevent sperm from reaching the egg B. It would prevent ovulation C. It would cause the embryo to die D. It would prevent implantation on the uterine wall E. If would act as a spermicide, killing sperm
A. It would prevent sperm from reaching the egg
Birth control pills contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone. What effect would this have on the anterior pituitary? A. It would secrete less FSH and LH B. It would secrete less gonadotrophin-releasing hormone C. It would secrete more gonadotrophin-releasing hormone D. It would secrete more FSH and LH E. There would be no effect on the anterior pituitary
A. It would secrete less FSH and LH
Which of the following statements about sexually-transmitted diseases is wrong? A. STDs are unique to humans B. The most common STD in the United States is genital warts. C. An individual with one STD can obtain another STD D. STDs spread through vaginal, oral, and anal sex E. Many STDs do not show initial symptoms, especially in men
A. STDs are unique to humans
Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign? A. The fetus and mother are not genetically identical. B. The mother may have an autoimmune disease and recognize self antigens as foreign. C. The mother's immune system may be suppressed. D. The fetus is separated from the mother's blood and immune system. E. By the time the mother produces antibodies, the baby has been born.
A. The fetus and mother are not genetically identical.
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that causes disease? A. The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system. B. Our immune system can destroy the pathogens before they cause disease. C. Pathogens have become less infectious. D. Our immune system no longer sees the pathogen as foreign. E. Pathogens have developed their own immune system to counteract ours.
A. The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system.
How does the immune system recognize pathogens it has fought before? A. The primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response. B. The primary immune response creates antigens which are activated in a secondary immune response. C. The secondary immune response creates antigens which are activated in a primary immune response. D. The secondary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a primary immune response. E. The primary immune response creates memory B cells, the secondary immune response creates memory T cells, and these are both activated in a tertiary immune response.
A. The primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response.
Athletes who take synthetic steroids can become sterile due to lack of sperm production. This is because the synthetic steroids cause which of the following? A. a decrease in FSH and LH production B. an increase in FSH and LH production C. a decrease in FSH and an increase in LH production D. an increase in FSH and a decrease in LH production
A. a decrease in FSH and LH production
A phagocyte is a A. cell that engulfs other cells and debris. B. cell that primarily is used to produce antibodies. C. cell that produces white blood cells. D. cell that produces platelets. E. cell that transports oxygen to tissues.
A. cell that engulfs other cells and debris
The 2 cm-long structure in the human female that stimulates her to experience orgasm is the A. clitoris B. cervix C. labia majora D. uterus E. labia minora
A. clitoris
Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis. Which of the following would be effective in killing parasites? A. complement protein B. T helper cells C. B cells D. macrophages E. basophils
A. complement protein *?*
A baby turtle growing into an adult that appears similar is an example of A. direct development B. external fertilization C. internal fertilization D. indirect development E. differentiation
A. direct development
A female salmon laying unfertilized eggs in a nest is preparing them for ____ by a male salmon. A. external fertilization B. internal fertilization C. indirect development D. direct development E. differentiation
A. external fertilization
Menopause A. is the cessation of menstruation B. is the cessation of sperm production C. is the beginning of menstruation D. begins in most females at puberty E. begins in most males at puberty
A. is the cessation of menstruation
The tightly coiled structure (structures) inside the testes that produce the sperm cells is (are) the A. seminiferous tubules B. epididymis C. vas deferens D. scrotum E. ureters
A. seminiferous tubules
A gene called the ______ must be activated at week seven of embryonic development for male sex organs and glands to develop. A. sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome B. GnRH C. FSH D. sex-determining gene on the X chromosome E. GH
A. sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome
What is the ideal outcome of the human reproductive system? A. to create individuals better suited to the environment than the existing individuals B. to create diploid gametes C. to break down foreign invaders and pathogens in any location in the body D. to remove foreign invaders and pathogens entering through the genitals E. All answers are correct
A. to create individuals better suited to the environment than the existing individuals*
Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope. An epitope is often just 5-6 amino acids from a protein on an antigen. Which of the following explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen? A. T helper cells secrete enzymes that digest the pathogen. B. B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen. C. Cytotoxic T cells poke holes in the antigen. D. Complement protein pokes holes in the antigen. E. Macrophages engulf and digest the pathogen.
B. B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen.
If a woman does not know she is pregnant and undergoes a diagnostic medical procedure involving exposure of her abdomen to radiation, then the developing baby may be at risk. Why would the risk of birth defects be highest if the woman received the radiation during weeks 2-8 of her pregnancy? A. Organs first begin to develop during the preembryonic stage B. Organs first begin to develop during the embryonic stage C. Organs first begin to develop during the fetal stage D. Organs first begin to develop during the zygotic stage E. Organs first begin to develop during the ovum stage
B. Organs first begin to develop during the embryonic stage
Which of the following are examples of passive immunity? A. antibodies produced from a vaccine, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies B. a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies C. only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta D. only a person receiving an injection of antibodies E. only antibodies produced from a vaccine
B. a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n) A. antibody. B. antigen. C. substrate. D. phagocyte. E. complement protein.
B. antigen
If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes? A. because the tumor started in the lymph node B. because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues C. because white blood cells are formed in lymph nodes in response to the tumor D. because the tumor is recognized as a foreign antigen and is being attacked E. because the tumor cells may have moved from the blood into the lymph with the plasma
B. because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues
The end of the uterus that opens to the vagina is the A. labia minora B. cervix C. vaginal orifice D. clitoris E. labia majora
B. cervix
Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish which the circulatory system cannot? A. generate white blood cells B. collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues C. generate red blood cells D. destroy bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues E. generate new body tissues during recovery
B. collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", flatworms are very thin and lack a specialized respiratory or circulatory system. How does oxygen reach their cells? A. through spiracles B. diffusion through the wall of their body C. through gills D. through lungs E. through capillaries
B. diffusion through the wall of their body
Male gametes unite with the female gametes in organisms that reproduce sexually during A. conjugation B. fertilization C. crossing over D. gastrulation E. recombination
B. fertilization
The stage of human development in which the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm form is the A. zygote B. gastrula C. embryonic stage D. ovum E. fetal stage
B. gastrula
In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called ______, which contain ______ that give rise to gametes. A. testes; sperm cells B. gonads; germ cells C. ovaries; egg cells D. germ cells; hormones E. All answers are correct.
B. gonads; germ cells
The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are A. basophils. B. helper T cells. C. mast cells. D. cytotoxic T cells. E. B cells.
B. helper T cells
A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a A. basophil. B. mast cell. C. virus. D. macrophage. E. T cell.
B. mast cell
The structure that connects the embryo to the placenta is the A. chorionic villus B. umbilical cord C. uterine tube D. fallopian tube E. embryonic disc
B. umbilical cord
Cilia sweep the released mature oocytes from ovaries into the A. cervix B. uterine tubes C. labia majora D. uterus E. vagina
B. uterine tubes
The region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the A. hinge region. B. variable region. C. constant region. D. base of the antibody molecule. E. heavy chain only.
B. variable region