Biology Chapters 5-9
Haploid
1 copy of each chromosome
Law of thermodynamics
1. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed 2. There will be less energy available at the end of the transfer process than at the beginning
Diploid
2 copies of each chromosome
Proto-oncogene
A normal gene which when altered by a mutation can turn into oncogene
Meiosos
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell,four daugter cells are produced
Anaerobic
Absence of oxygen
Hydrophilic
Absorbs or dissolves water
Channel Protein
Allows specific molecules/Ions to pass through the membrane
Homologous pair
Autosomes, determines physical, mental characteristics etc.
Nucleus
"Administration office" contains DNA
Lysosome
"Clean up crew" contains enzymes to break down macromolecules
Electron transport chain
"High energy" electrons are passed to oxygen, ultimately ATP is produced
Mitochondria
"Power plant" of the cell. Harnesses energy from chemical breakdown, creates energy through cellular respiration
Golgi Apparatus
"Shipping department" Finds out where vesicles need to go and sends them
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking" act of grabbing some liquid
Phagocytosis
"cell eating" ingestion of entire cell
Passive transport
Does not require energy, natural movement with gradient, from high concentration to low
Gamete
Egg and sperm
Reduction
Gaining of electrons
Cytoplasm
Gives shape to cell
Glycosis
Glucose is split into 2 zygotes of pyruvate, break down of glucose
Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants, absorption of light, provide energy for photosynthesis
Eukaryote
Has a nucleus that contains DNA, organelles, internal compartments for specific functions
Malignant tumor
Inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor
Hypotonic Solution
Inside of cell has more concentration, swells up
Tight Junction
Leak proof connections between cells
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Activation energy
Minimum energy it takes to start a chemical reaction
Rubisco
Most common protein on the face of the earth, without it we wouldn't be able to make energy
Aerobic
Occurring only in presence of oxygen
Hypertonic Solution
Outside of cell has more concentration, squishes in
Redox
Oxidation and reduction occur
Isotonic Solution
Perfect solution, equilobrium
Photosynthesis
Process of turning sunlight into glucose & oxygen
Enzyme
Proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions,serve as catalysts, aids in digestion
Hydrophobic
Scared of water, repels water
Catalyst
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction
Diffusion
Spreading of something more widely to reach equilibrium
Tumor-Supressor gene
Stops cells from overgrowing, when suppressor is turned off, cells continue to grow and cancer appears
Mictrotuble
Thick protein tubes, helps shape cell
Cancer
Uncontrollable growth of cells
ATP
Universal currency of energy
Anabolic reaction
Usually require energy, makes complex molecules from a smaller one
Mitosis
When cells split apart, simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts, 2 daughter cells
Active transport
When cells use energy to transport something against the gradient
Active site
Where substrate binds, place where things build up or break down
Catabolic reaction
Breaks larger molecules into smaller ones with release of energy
Carbon fixation
Carbon dioxide is converted into sugar using ATP and NADH
Benign Tumor
Confined to one site
Oncogene
Contributes to growth of tumor
