Biology Chapters 5-9

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Haploid

1 copy of each chromosome

Law of thermodynamics

1. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed 2. There will be less energy available at the end of the transfer process than at the beginning

Diploid

2 copies of each chromosome

Proto-oncogene

A normal gene which when altered by a mutation can turn into oncogene

Meiosos

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell,four daugter cells are produced

Anaerobic

Absence of oxygen

Hydrophilic

Absorbs or dissolves water

Channel Protein

Allows specific molecules/Ions to pass through the membrane

Homologous pair

Autosomes, determines physical, mental characteristics etc.

Nucleus

"Administration office" contains DNA

Lysosome

"Clean up crew" contains enzymes to break down macromolecules

Electron transport chain

"High energy" electrons are passed to oxygen, ultimately ATP is produced

Mitochondria

"Power plant" of the cell. Harnesses energy from chemical breakdown, creates energy through cellular respiration

Golgi Apparatus

"Shipping department" Finds out where vesicles need to go and sends them

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking" act of grabbing some liquid

Phagocytosis

"cell eating" ingestion of entire cell

Passive transport

Does not require energy, natural movement with gradient, from high concentration to low

Gamete

Egg and sperm

Reduction

Gaining of electrons

Cytoplasm

Gives shape to cell

Glycosis

Glucose is split into 2 zygotes of pyruvate, break down of glucose

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants, absorption of light, provide energy for photosynthesis

Eukaryote

Has a nucleus that contains DNA, organelles, internal compartments for specific functions

Malignant tumor

Inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor

Hypotonic Solution

Inside of cell has more concentration, swells up

Tight Junction

Leak proof connections between cells

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Activation energy

Minimum energy it takes to start a chemical reaction

Rubisco

Most common protein on the face of the earth, without it we wouldn't be able to make energy

Aerobic

Occurring only in presence of oxygen

Hypertonic Solution

Outside of cell has more concentration, squishes in

Redox

Oxidation and reduction occur

Isotonic Solution

Perfect solution, equilobrium

Photosynthesis

Process of turning sunlight into glucose & oxygen

Enzyme

Proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions,serve as catalysts, aids in digestion

Hydrophobic

Scared of water, repels water

Catalyst

Something that speeds up a chemical reaction

Diffusion

Spreading of something more widely to reach equilibrium

Tumor-Supressor gene

Stops cells from overgrowing, when suppressor is turned off, cells continue to grow and cancer appears

Mictrotuble

Thick protein tubes, helps shape cell

Cancer

Uncontrollable growth of cells

ATP

Universal currency of energy

Anabolic reaction

Usually require energy, makes complex molecules from a smaller one

Mitosis

When cells split apart, simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts, 2 daughter cells

Active transport

When cells use energy to transport something against the gradient

Active site

Where substrate binds, place where things build up or break down

Catabolic reaction

Breaks larger molecules into smaller ones with release of energy

Carbon fixation

Carbon dioxide is converted into sugar using ATP and NADH

Benign Tumor

Confined to one site

Oncogene

Contributes to growth of tumor


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