Biology Exam 2
Which of the following is true?
Eukarya are more closely related to Archaea than they are to Bacteria
Which of the following is a correct statement about members of the phylum Cnidaria? They
May use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton
Mitochondria
Membrane enclosed organelles. Main function is conversion of potential energy of food molecules into ATP.
Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?
Mesozoic
Bacteria and Archea are very diverse and abundant groups. What allows them to occupy different habitats?
Metabolic diversity- how an organism obtains energy and nutrients
Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in fungi is false
Motile gametes are present in all fungal species
Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely
Move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all.
Limbs are an important evolutionary development because they allow animals to
Move quickly and precisely
In regard to prokaryotic reproduction, which of the following is true?
Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations.
The mycelial growth habit leads to a body with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Why is this important?
Mycelia have a large surface area for absorption
The water vascular system of echinoderms
functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a
gametophyte of a moss
The blastopore is a structure that is evident in the
gastrula
In ancestral chordates, the pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as
suspension-feeding devices
Aves
Are in the monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs and crocodiles.
Which of the following features is not an evolutionary innovation developed by the tracheophytes?
...
The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having
True tissues or no tissues
Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?
A digestive system with a single opening
Dinosaurs dominated the earth for ___ million years
150
The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about
195,000 years ago
During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four chambered heart
2,3,4,1,5
Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.
2,4,1,3
. Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
3, 5
The common ancestors of all humans alive today lived in Africa until about
50,000 years ago
What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans?
A cartilaginous endoskeleton
Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development?
A dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, post-anal tail
Which of the following is false?
A mature fruit is a short stem with spore bearing appendages
Due to its unusual habitat, the tapeworm lacks
A mouth, a digestive tract
Vertebrates and tunicates share
A notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
An arthropod has all the following characteristics except
A pseudocoelom.
Bilateral symmetry is advantageous primarily because it allows for the development of
A specialized head and posterior
During the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, which of the following did not occur?
A switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
The vertebrate body plan includes all of the following traits except
A ventral spinal cord
Deuterostomes and protostomes differ in a number of characteristics. From the following list, select one characteristic in which they do not differ.
Ability to form a blastopore
What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium?
Absorbing nutrients
Which of the following do all fungi have in common?
Absorption of nutrients
In number of species, number of individuals, and duration in the fossil record, which of the following phyla of wormlike animals has been the most successful? What feature is hypothesized to be responsible for this success?
Annelida- segmented body plan
Which statement is not evidence for the origin of plants from the green algae?
All green algae produce large, stationary eggs
The phenomenon in which the haploid and diploid phases of a life cycle are multicellular is called
Alteration of Generations
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophycean algae?
Alteration of multicellular generations
Which of these is not considered an amniote?
Amphibians
Which of the following is not a structure or characteristic that enables the nontracheophytes to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system?
An extensive root system
Which of the following is not a characteristic of echinoderms?
An external skeleton
Which of the following is not found in the phylum Chordata?
An external skeleton
In most regions of Earth today, land flora consists predominantly of
Angiosperms
Which of the following clades has the greatest number of species?
Angiosperms
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as
Antibiotics
Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following?
Avian feathers, reptilian scales, mammalian hair
Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia
Cephalization is primarily associated with
Bilateral symmetry
Which of these hominid traits seems to have occurred before the others?
Bipedalism
What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals?
Blastopore, which becomes the anus
Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?
Bony fishes
A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to
Break down carbon compounds
What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?
Breaking down organic matter
The largest seaweeds belong to which group?
Brown algae- kelps
Which of theses can most easily be found as the largest in body size?
Bryophyte gametophyte
How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
By facilitating dispersal of seeds
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition.
By ingesting it
Prokaryotes, along with fungi, return tremendous quantities of organic carbon to the atmosphere as
CO2
Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the
Cambrian period
During which era did the greatest radiation of mammals occur?
Cenozoic
While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging to which class?
Cephalopoda
Members of which group are thought to be the closest relatives of the animals?
Choanoflagellates
A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers belongs to which phylum?
Cnidaria (includes jelly fish, corals, seaneomes) Most animals (besides Poriferia which includes sponges) are tripoblast
How do cnidarians differ from poriferans?
Cnidarians can produce toxins, while poriferans cannot
Predatory fungi may trap prey by means of
Constricting ring that traps the prey, sticky substances secreted by hyphae
Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists?
Contains a nucleus
Dinoflagellates are common to endosymbionts of
Coral
Why are healthy corals brightly colored?
Corals secrete colorful pigments to attract mates.
. What is the diagnostic trait of vertebrates?
Cranium
Which of these would have been the most likely dietary stable for a 20-foot-tall, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur of about 100 million years ago?
Cyades (Cycadophyta)
Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?
Cyanobacteria
Which of the following was an essential step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
Development of a flexible cell surface, cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope, the endosymbiotic acquisition of certain organelles
The nonpathogenic fungus that produces a fairy ring grows outward in concentric rings over the course of years. As a result, what should be less abundant in the soil within the ring soon after the fungal hyphae colonize it?
Dead organic matter
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ________, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria.
Deficient in certain vitamins Gut flora- intestinal bacteria that plays a role in synthesizing vitamins and obtains energy from undigested carbohydrates.
Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is not true?
Denitrifiers are strictly anaerobes
A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong?
Diatoms- composed of a cell wall made of silica
The crucial criterion for defining multicellularity is
Differentiation
The function of the pollen tube is to
Digest the sporophyte tissue as it elongates toward the female gametophyte
Which of the following marine organisms produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore?
Dinoflagellates--- called a red tide
What is the difference between a diploblast and triploblast?
Diploblast- two tissue layers, non cellular, mesogloea is present, coelom is absent. Tripoblast- three tissue layers, mesogloea is absent, coelom is present.
What is the function of a fruit?
Dispersal of seeds, protects the seeds until they are mature
Porifera differ from most other animals in that they
Do not form true organs
Heterotrophs
Do not produce their own food. Includes; herbivores, omnivores, carnivores. Rely on consuming other organisms to obtain energy. Photoheterotroph- uses light for energy but not carbon dioxide, obtains carbon from food. Chemoheterotroph- gets energy by eating other organisms.
Four morphotypic traits that distinguish chordates
Dorsal nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, Post Anal Tail, Notochord
All of the following animal groups include terrestrial life forms except
Echinodermata
According to both the molecular- and morphology-based animal phylogenies, the following are all protostomes except
Echinoderms
In a "tube-within-a-tube" body plan, what is the interior tube?
Ectoderm
The larvae of many common tapeworms affecting humans are usually found
Encysted in the muscle of an animal such as a cow or pig.
Which parasites live inside their hosts?
Endoparasites
From the following list of characteristics, select one that has not been a major theme in protostome evolution
Evolution of mechanisms for ingesting large prey
The swim bladders of bony fishes
Evolved from lung like sacs that supplemented the gills in respiration, are organs of buoyancy that help the fishes control their depth in the water column.
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?
Exoenzymes
Which reproductive strategy is facilitated by an aquatic habitat, as compared with a terrestrial habitat?
External fertilization
Which of the following structures are posed only by birds?
Feathers and keeled sternum
The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?
Feeding
The strategy for making ATP without using electron transport chains is called
Fermentation via gylcosis Fermentation- breakdown of organic molecules to harness energy without oxidation
Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae of fungi?
Filamentous shape is an adaption for a nutritional mode as a decomposer
What is the name for bacterial reproduction?
Fission
Platyhelminthes include
Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes
A snail-like, coiled, porous shell of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of which group
Foraminiferans
Fungi are beneficial to agriculture in all of the following ways except in that they
Form mycoses on leaves and stems
Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth?
Formation of oxygen
According to endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
From engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes
Lignin and cellulose provide rigidity to the cell walls of plants. But in most fungi, chitin preforms this role. Why is it logical that most fungi don't have lignin or cellulose in their cell walls?
Fungi contain lignin perozidase and cellulose that break down lignin and cellulose.
A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class?
Gastropoda/Chephlopoda
At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a tripoblastic embryo?
Gastrulation
Which is not a characteristic of all mammals?
Giving birth to live young (viviparous)
Use of synthetic fertilizers often leads to the contamination of groundwater with nitrates. Nitrate pollution is also a suspected cause of anoxic "dead zones" in the ocean. Which of the following might help reduce nitrate pollution?
Growing improved crop plants that have nitrogen-fixing enzymes
In some plants, the gametophyte (the multicellular haploid plant that produces haploid gametes) is free-living and photosynthetic. Which group does not have a free-living gametophyte generation?
Gymnosperms, angiosperms
Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because gymnosperms
Have pollen
Double fertilization means that angiosperms
Have two sperm nuclei, both of which unite with nuclei of the female gametophyte
Human development from infant to adult would be better characterized as
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis
Seed plants are all
Heterosporous
Which of the following are characteristics of exoskeletons?
Highly efficient means of anchoring muscles, thereby providing more efficient movement, they provide protection from predators, they must be shed for the animal to grow and thus they make the animal vulnerable to predators, the provide support for walking on dry land.
Why do some researchers maintain that the limbs of all animals are homologous?
Homologous genes, such as DII, are invoked in their development
There has been a change in the dominant vegetation since plants first invaded the terrestrial environment about 400-500 million years ago. What was the order in which these vegetation types were dominant, from earliest to most current?
Horsetails, lycopods, and ferns; gymnosperms; angiosperms
The number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by ________ genes.
Hox
Phylogenetic trees are best described as
Hypothetical or theoretical portrayals of evolutionary relationships
Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion (adaptive radiation of many forms and major taxa of animals) was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?
Increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record
A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle?
Increased spore production
Protostome characteristics include all of the following except
Indeterminate cleavage
many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak. These secondary compounds are probably features of adaptedness that
Inhibits herbivory
Insects may have undergone such remarkable evolutionary diversification because
Insects evolved efficient means of delivering oxygen to their internal tissues
Which of the following characteristics would not facilitate a sessile lifestyle
Internal fertilization
Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity?
Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury, organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall, the cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
Vascular plants are thought to be the result of a single evolutionary event: the evolution of a wholly new cell type, the tracheid. This cell type
Is the principal water- conducting element of the xylem in all vascular plants except the angiosperms
How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of vertebrate lineages?
It allowed vertebrates to feed on a wider variety of food sources
Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?
It allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment
What is the function of the anthropod exoskeleton
It provides protection and functions in locomotion/ it makes growth by molting possible
The body plan of an animal is
Its general structure and the integrated functioning of its parts
What materials are not used by protists to manufacture hard outer coverings?
Lignin
From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended?
Lizards
Most amphibians breathe air by which means?
Lungs and thin skin
Which of the following ranks as one of the most devastating diseases to humans and is caused by a protist?
Malaria
Differentiation of teeth is greatest in
Mammals
An important factor contributing to the evolution of diversity among animals is the considerable variation in animal
Methods of food acquisition
Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?
Mineralized hard parts
The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is
Monophyletic
If there were no mycorrhizae then which of the following would be true?
Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth
Plant growth and overall productivity is often limited by the availability of _________ fixed by cyanobacteria
Nitrogen Nitrogen fixation is the process which nitrogen is converted to ammonium
Bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle through which mechanism?
Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decomposition
Protists are believed to be ecologically and evolutionarily important for many reasons. Which of the following is not true of this group?
None of the protists are parasites
An important fossil fuel is coal, much of which was formed when
Northern-lattitude bogs accumulated peat
Which of the following have been present in Earth's living entities for the least amount of evolutionary time?
Nuclei
All of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm except
Number of embryonic tissue layers
If humans were characterized as undergoing metamorphosis, infant humans would be described as
Nymphs
A bacterium that cannot live in the presence of oxygen is called
Obligate anaerobe
To reproduce, many plants produce seeds—structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?
Oviparous reproduction
. Most modern animal phyla evolved during the ________ era.
Paleozoic
Which statement best characterizes a parasitic relationship?
Parasites gain benefits, such as nutrients, and harm their host in the process.
Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the
Phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.
Once plants evolved to live on land and had vascular tissue, megaphylls appeared to be selected for and replaced microphylls in most plant lineages. What is a major advantage of having larger leaves?
Plants have more photosynthetic tissue for increased sugar production.
How are gymnosperms and angiosperms similar?
Plants in both groups produce seeds and pollen
The following events in the angiosperm life cycle occur in which order?
Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote
The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the
Precambrian
The dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida can feed off algae and bacteria. They can also "steal" intact chloroplasts from algae and become photosynthetic. In the presence of large amounts of fish, Pfiesteria can secrete a toxin that kills fish, allowing it to feed on decaying fish matter. How would you classify this species?
Predator, Primary Producer, Detritivore
Lobe-finned fishes had several adaptations that were instrumental in the transition to life on land. Adaptations in lobe-finned fishes that were important in the evolution of the amphibians included
Primitive lungs, jointed fins with strong muscular support, watertight skin
In what way do green plants improve the environment on land for other organisms?
Produce oxygen through photosynthesis, improve soil by adding organic matter, help prevent soil erosion, moderate temperatures compared to rock and bare soil.
Autotrophs
Produce their own food. (Primary producer) Includes; plants, algae, baceria. Produce energy through photosynthesis, converts to glucose. Also produce energy through chemosynthesis- chemical reactions. Uses carbon dioxide.
In which of the following ways can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans?
Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass. Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats. Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism.
Which of the following bacterial groups includes the greatest number of species?
Proteobacteria
The common ancestor of all animals was probably a
Protist
Upright growth in non-woody plants is supported by
Pumping water into cells to increase their rigidity
Mollusks have a rasping feeding structure known as the
Radula
The best classification system is that which most closely
Reflects evolutionary history
Which of the following characteristics do mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share?
Reproductive cells in gametangia; embryos
Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came most recently?
Rise and diversification of angiosperms
Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms?
Secondary radial symmetry
One reason for the enormous evolutionary success of seed plants is their possession of
Seeds with food reserves for the young sporophyte, seeds with a resting stage that can remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are favorable for growth of the sporophyte.
Cephalization is most commonly associated with
Sessile animals
Which of the following is not unique to animals?
Sexual reproduction
According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of
Skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits.
What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans?
Some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering
What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the relationship between grades and clades?
Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. This success is due to all of the following except
Sperm cells with flagella
The bryophytes are dependent on water for reproduction because
Sperm must swim through water to reach and fertilize eggs
Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
Spiral and determinate clevage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development
You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a
Sponge
What is the key difference between choanoflagellates and sponges?
Sponges are asymmetrical and do not have tissues
The terms below all refer to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi expect
Spore production
Which of these are structures in a gametophyte generation?
Spores, egg, sperm, pollen, archegonium
Stigma
Sticky material to help pollen adhere
Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants?
The development of seeds
When some autotrophic Euglena are placed in the dark, they
Stop producing their photosynthetic pigment, begin feeding on organic material floating int the surrounding water
The overall size that unicellular protists can achieve is limited by their
Surface area-to-volume ratio
Which adaptation is unique to insects among all protostomes?
The ability to move by flying
Which of the following is not the primary dispersal form of its group?
The adults of bivalves
Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?
The amniotic egg
Which one of the following traits do the Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii share?
The gills are the major site of gas exchange
Diploblasts and triploblasts are terms that refer to?
The number of tissue layers during development
What do all deuterostomes have in common?
The pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus
Lichens acquire energy from
The radiant energy from the sun
Why are animals with thin cuticles generally restricted to moist habitats?
The thin cuticle allows water to be lost across the body surface
An example of bioremediation is
The use of prokaryotes to treat sewage or clean up oil spills
Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we classify them under different taxonomic units. Which of the observations below comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa?
Their cell walls are constructed from very different biochemicals.
Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because
Their gametophytes are protected by sporophytes and gametophytes obtain nutrition from sporophytes
The Greek root ecto means "outer." Why are ectomycorrhizal fungi, or EMF, aptly named?
Their hyphae from dense mats that envelop roots but do not penetrate the walls of cells inside the root
What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments?
Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration.
Which of the following is not a characteristic or purpose of spider webs and threads?
They are composed primarily of carbohydrates
Phytoplankton compromise photosynthetic protists and bacteria. For the most part, humans do not consume phytoplankton. Why then, are they important?
They are food for many marine organisms that humans eat.
What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, and pine cone scales?
They are modified leaves
Organisms classified as Euglenozoa have previously been classified as protozoans, protists, plants and animals. Why the confusion?
They are unicellular. They are heterotrophic. They are photosynthetic.
Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?
They are wind pollinated.
Most moss leaves do not have a cuticle, are one to two cells thick, and have no veins. What does this imply about moss leaves and their structure?
They do not have stomata for gas exchange regulation, they can easily lose water to and absorb water from the atmosphere, they do not have vascular tissue.
Which of the following is not characteristic of nematodes?
They have longitudinal and circular muscles
Which statement about ferns is true?
They inhibit shaded, moist woodlands and swamps to aid in their reproduction
What is not true of all arthropods?
They metamorphose during development.
What do the archaea used in primary sewage treatment and the archaea that help cattle digest cellulose have in common?
They produce methane as a waste product. Methanogen- found in digestive tract of animals and humans.
How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?
They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners
How do fungi digest their food?
They secrete enzymes onto their food outside the animal
Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. How do they differ?
They use different sources of carbon. Autotrophs obtain carbon from inorganic sources. Heterotrophs obtain carbon from other organisms.
Modern mitochondria are the descendants of what were once free-living alpha proteobacteria. Insofar as mitochondria becoming inactive during periods of oxygen debt, what is probably true of their alpha proteobacterial ancestors?
They were obligate aerobes and heterotrophs.
What is the major function of cellular respiration?
To produce ATP. Process of oxidizing food molecules to carbon dioxide and water. Process occurs in two phases glycolysis- breaking down glucose and the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid- to carbon dioxide/water
Which of the following statements concerning the tracheal system in insects is false?
Tracheae expand and contract like lungs to move oxygen to the blood.
Cyanobacteria
Use chlorophyll a and release oxygen during photosynthesis
What problems do biologists try to solve with the help of bioremediation?
Uses organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic substances. Oil spills, detoxification of chlorinated compounds, degradation of pesticides, degradation of nitrate contaminants.
Which of the following is not one of the evolutionary adaptations to land shared by all plants?
Water transport by xylem
Which of these is not a trend in primate evolution?
Well developed claws for clinging to trees
Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments?
Wings
The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better-adapted to land except
a dominant gametophyte
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?
a haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte
Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the
absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs
The closest "relatives" of fungi are probably
animals
Fungi have the ability to break down
carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
cyanobacteria, green algae
Euglenoids evolved a ___ for swimming and they have the same type of ___ in common with all plants and green algae.
flagellum, chloroplast
In the alternation of generations, the gametophyte generation is ___ and produces ___
haploid; gametes
Hydrostatic skeleton
have a role in the locomotion of echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins), coelenterates (jellyfish), annelids (earthworms), nematodes, and other invertebrates (snails). Allows them to burrow
An evolutionary trend that runs throughout the plant kingdom is for the sporophyte generation to become ___ and more independent of the gametophyte, and the gametophyte generation to become ___ and more dependent upon the sporophyte
larger; smaller
The arthropod exoskeleton is composed of a
mixture of layers of proteins and a polysaccharide called chitin.
The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
mutualistic
What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects?
radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages
Plants can prevent water loss from cells by
secreting a waxy cuticle
Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except
the ability of some species to fly
Bryophytes never formed forests because
they lack lignified vascular tissue
