Biology Exam 2

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Which of the following is true?

Eukarya are more closely related to Archaea than they are to Bacteria

Which of the following is a correct statement about members of the phylum Cnidaria? They

May use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton

Mitochondria

Membrane enclosed organelles. Main function is conversion of potential energy of food molecules into ATP.

Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?

Mesozoic

Bacteria and Archea are very diverse and abundant groups. What allows them to occupy different habitats?

Metabolic diversity- how an organism obtains energy and nutrients

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in fungi is false

Motile gametes are present in all fungal species

Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely

Move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all.

Limbs are an important evolutionary development because they allow animals to

Move quickly and precisely

In regard to prokaryotic reproduction, which of the following is true?

Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations.

The mycelial growth habit leads to a body with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Why is this important?

Mycelia have a large surface area for absorption

The water vascular system of echinoderms

functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a

gametophyte of a moss

The blastopore is a structure that is evident in the

gastrula

In ancestral chordates, the pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

suspension-feeding devices

Aves

Are in the monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs and crocodiles.

Which of the following features is not an evolutionary innovation developed by the tracheophytes?

...

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

True tissues or no tissues

Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?

A digestive system with a single opening

Dinosaurs dominated the earth for ___ million years

150

The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about

195,000 years ago

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four chambered heart

2,3,4,1,5

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.

2,4,1,3

. Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

3, 5

The common ancestors of all humans alive today lived in Africa until about

50,000 years ago

What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans?

A cartilaginous endoskeleton

Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development?

A dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, post-anal tail

Which of the following is false?

A mature fruit is a short stem with spore bearing appendages

Due to its unusual habitat, the tapeworm lacks

A mouth, a digestive tract

Vertebrates and tunicates share

A notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

An arthropod has all the following characteristics except

A pseudocoelom.

Bilateral symmetry is advantageous primarily because it allows for the development of

A specialized head and posterior

During the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, which of the following did not occur?

A switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism

The vertebrate body plan includes all of the following traits except

A ventral spinal cord

Deuterostomes and protostomes differ in a number of characteristics. From the following list, select one characteristic in which they do not differ.

Ability to form a blastopore

What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium?

Absorbing nutrients

Which of the following do all fungi have in common?

Absorption of nutrients

In number of species, number of individuals, and duration in the fossil record, which of the following phyla of wormlike animals has been the most successful? What feature is hypothesized to be responsible for this success?

Annelida- segmented body plan

Which statement is not evidence for the origin of plants from the green algae?

All green algae produce large, stationary eggs

The phenomenon in which the haploid and diploid phases of a life cycle are multicellular is called

Alteration of Generations

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophycean algae?

Alteration of multicellular generations

Which of these is not considered an amniote?

Amphibians

Which of the following is not a structure or characteristic that enables the nontracheophytes to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system?

An extensive root system

Which of the following is not a characteristic of echinoderms?

An external skeleton

Which of the following is not found in the phylum Chordata?

An external skeleton

In most regions of Earth today, land flora consists predominantly of

Angiosperms

Which of the following clades has the greatest number of species?

Angiosperms

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as

Antibiotics

Structures that are made of keratin include which of the following?

Avian feathers, reptilian scales, mammalian hair

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?

Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia

Cephalization is primarily associated with

Bilateral symmetry

Which of these hominid traits seems to have occurred before the others?

Bipedalism

What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals?

Blastopore, which becomes the anus

Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

Bony fishes

A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to

Break down carbon compounds

What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

Breaking down organic matter

The largest seaweeds belong to which group?

Brown algae- kelps

Which of theses can most easily be found as the largest in body size?

Bryophyte gametophyte

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

By facilitating dispersal of seeds

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition.

By ingesting it

Prokaryotes, along with fungi, return tremendous quantities of organic carbon to the atmosphere as

CO2

Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the

Cambrian period

During which era did the greatest radiation of mammals occur?

Cenozoic

While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging to which class?

Cephalopoda

Members of which group are thought to be the closest relatives of the animals?

Choanoflagellates

A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers belongs to which phylum?

Cnidaria (includes jelly fish, corals, seaneomes) Most animals (besides Poriferia which includes sponges) are tripoblast

How do cnidarians differ from poriferans?

Cnidarians can produce toxins, while poriferans cannot

Predatory fungi may trap prey by means of

Constricting ring that traps the prey, sticky substances secreted by hyphae

Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists?

Contains a nucleus

Dinoflagellates are common to endosymbionts of

Coral

Why are healthy corals brightly colored?

Corals secrete colorful pigments to attract mates.

. What is the diagnostic trait of vertebrates?

Cranium

Which of these would have been the most likely dietary stable for a 20-foot-tall, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur of about 100 million years ago?

Cyades (Cycadophyta)

Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?

Cyanobacteria

Which of the following was an essential step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

Development of a flexible cell surface, cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope, the endosymbiotic acquisition of certain organelles

The nonpathogenic fungus that produces a fairy ring grows outward in concentric rings over the course of years. As a result, what should be less abundant in the soil within the ring soon after the fungal hyphae colonize it?

Dead organic matter

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ________, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria.

Deficient in certain vitamins Gut flora- intestinal bacteria that plays a role in synthesizing vitamins and obtains energy from undigested carbohydrates.

Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is not true?

Denitrifiers are strictly anaerobes

A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong?

Diatoms- composed of a cell wall made of silica

The crucial criterion for defining multicellularity is

Differentiation

The function of the pollen tube is to

Digest the sporophyte tissue as it elongates toward the female gametophyte

Which of the following marine organisms produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore?

Dinoflagellates--- called a red tide

What is the difference between a diploblast and triploblast?

Diploblast- two tissue layers, non cellular, mesogloea is present, coelom is absent. Tripoblast- three tissue layers, mesogloea is absent, coelom is present.

What is the function of a fruit?

Dispersal of seeds, protects the seeds until they are mature

Porifera differ from most other animals in that they

Do not form true organs

Heterotrophs

Do not produce their own food. Includes; herbivores, omnivores, carnivores. Rely on consuming other organisms to obtain energy. Photoheterotroph- uses light for energy but not carbon dioxide, obtains carbon from food. Chemoheterotroph- gets energy by eating other organisms.

Four morphotypic traits that distinguish chordates

Dorsal nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, Post Anal Tail, Notochord

All of the following animal groups include terrestrial life forms except

Echinodermata

According to both the molecular- and morphology-based animal phylogenies, the following are all protostomes except

Echinoderms

In a "tube-within-a-tube" body plan, what is the interior tube?

Ectoderm

The larvae of many common tapeworms affecting humans are usually found

Encysted in the muscle of an animal such as a cow or pig.

Which parasites live inside their hosts?

Endoparasites

From the following list of characteristics, select one that has not been a major theme in protostome evolution

Evolution of mechanisms for ingesting large prey

The swim bladders of bony fishes

Evolved from lung like sacs that supplemented the gills in respiration, are organs of buoyancy that help the fishes control their depth in the water column.

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Exoenzymes

Which reproductive strategy is facilitated by an aquatic habitat, as compared with a terrestrial habitat?

External fertilization

Which of the following structures are posed only by birds?

Feathers and keeled sternum

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Feeding

The strategy for making ATP without using electron transport chains is called

Fermentation via gylcosis Fermentation- breakdown of organic molecules to harness energy without oxidation

Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae of fungi?

Filamentous shape is an adaption for a nutritional mode as a decomposer

What is the name for bacterial reproduction?

Fission

Platyhelminthes include

Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes

A snail-like, coiled, porous shell of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of which group

Foraminiferans

Fungi are beneficial to agriculture in all of the following ways except in that they

Form mycoses on leaves and stems

Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth?

Formation of oxygen

According to endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

From engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes

Lignin and cellulose provide rigidity to the cell walls of plants. But in most fungi, chitin preforms this role. Why is it logical that most fungi don't have lignin or cellulose in their cell walls?

Fungi contain lignin perozidase and cellulose that break down lignin and cellulose.

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class?

Gastropoda/Chephlopoda

At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a tripoblastic embryo?

Gastrulation

Which is not a characteristic of all mammals?

Giving birth to live young (viviparous)

Use of synthetic fertilizers often leads to the contamination of groundwater with nitrates. Nitrate pollution is also a suspected cause of anoxic "dead zones" in the ocean. Which of the following might help reduce nitrate pollution?

Growing improved crop plants that have nitrogen-fixing enzymes

In some plants, the gametophyte (the multicellular haploid plant that produces haploid gametes) is free-living and photosynthetic. Which group does not have a free-living gametophyte generation?

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because gymnosperms

Have pollen

Double fertilization means that angiosperms

Have two sperm nuclei, both of which unite with nuclei of the female gametophyte

Human development from infant to adult would be better characterized as

Hemimetabolous metamorphosis

Seed plants are all

Heterosporous

Which of the following are characteristics of exoskeletons?

Highly efficient means of anchoring muscles, thereby providing more efficient movement, they provide protection from predators, they must be shed for the animal to grow and thus they make the animal vulnerable to predators, the provide support for walking on dry land.

Why do some researchers maintain that the limbs of all animals are homologous?

Homologous genes, such as DII, are invoked in their development

There has been a change in the dominant vegetation since plants first invaded the terrestrial environment about 400-500 million years ago. What was the order in which these vegetation types were dominant, from earliest to most current?

Horsetails, lycopods, and ferns; gymnosperms; angiosperms

The number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by ________ genes.

Hox

Phylogenetic trees are best described as

Hypothetical or theoretical portrayals of evolutionary relationships

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion (adaptive radiation of many forms and major taxa of animals) was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?

Increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle?

Increased spore production

Protostome characteristics include all of the following except

Indeterminate cleavage

many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak. These secondary compounds are probably features of adaptedness that

Inhibits herbivory

Insects may have undergone such remarkable evolutionary diversification because

Insects evolved efficient means of delivering oxygen to their internal tissues

Which of the following characteristics would not facilitate a sessile lifestyle

Internal fertilization

Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity?

Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury, organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall, the cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

Vascular plants are thought to be the result of a single evolutionary event: the evolution of a wholly new cell type, the tracheid. This cell type

Is the principal water- conducting element of the xylem in all vascular plants except the angiosperms

How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of vertebrate lineages?

It allowed vertebrates to feed on a wider variety of food sources

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

It allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment

What is the function of the anthropod exoskeleton

It provides protection and functions in locomotion/ it makes growth by molting possible

The body plan of an animal is

Its general structure and the integrated functioning of its parts

What materials are not used by protists to manufacture hard outer coverings?

Lignin

From which of the following groups are snakes most likely descended?

Lizards

Most amphibians breathe air by which means?

Lungs and thin skin

Which of the following ranks as one of the most devastating diseases to humans and is caused by a protist?

Malaria

Differentiation of teeth is greatest in

Mammals

An important factor contributing to the evolution of diversity among animals is the considerable variation in animal

Methods of food acquisition

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

Mineralized hard parts

The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is

Monophyletic

If there were no mycorrhizae then which of the following would be true?

Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth

Plant growth and overall productivity is often limited by the availability of _________ fixed by cyanobacteria

Nitrogen Nitrogen fixation is the process which nitrogen is converted to ammonium

Bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle through which mechanism?

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decomposition

Protists are believed to be ecologically and evolutionarily important for many reasons. Which of the following is not true of this group?

None of the protists are parasites

An important fossil fuel is coal, much of which was formed when

Northern-lattitude bogs accumulated peat

Which of the following have been present in Earth's living entities for the least amount of evolutionary time?

Nuclei

All of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm except

Number of embryonic tissue layers

If humans were characterized as undergoing metamorphosis, infant humans would be described as

Nymphs

A bacterium that cannot live in the presence of oxygen is called

Obligate anaerobe

To reproduce, many plants produce seeds—structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

Oviparous reproduction

. Most modern animal phyla evolved during the ________ era.

Paleozoic

Which statement best characterizes a parasitic relationship?

Parasites gain benefits, such as nutrients, and harm their host in the process.

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the

Phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.

Once plants evolved to live on land and had vascular tissue, megaphylls appeared to be selected for and replaced microphylls in most plant lineages. What is a major advantage of having larger leaves?

Plants have more photosynthetic tissue for increased sugar production.

How are gymnosperms and angiosperms similar?

Plants in both groups produce seeds and pollen

The following events in the angiosperm life cycle occur in which order?

Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote

The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the

Precambrian

The dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida can feed off algae and bacteria. They can also "steal" intact chloroplasts from algae and become photosynthetic. In the presence of large amounts of fish, Pfiesteria can secrete a toxin that kills fish, allowing it to feed on decaying fish matter. How would you classify this species?

Predator, Primary Producer, Detritivore

Lobe-finned fishes had several adaptations that were instrumental in the transition to life on land. Adaptations in lobe-finned fishes that were important in the evolution of the amphibians included

Primitive lungs, jointed fins with strong muscular support, watertight skin

In what way do green plants improve the environment on land for other organisms?

Produce oxygen through photosynthesis, improve soil by adding organic matter, help prevent soil erosion, moderate temperatures compared to rock and bare soil.

Autotrophs

Produce their own food. (Primary producer) Includes; plants, algae, baceria. Produce energy through photosynthesis, converts to glucose. Also produce energy through chemosynthesis- chemical reactions. Uses carbon dioxide.

In which of the following ways can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans?

Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass. Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats. Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism.

Which of the following bacterial groups includes the greatest number of species?

Proteobacteria

The common ancestor of all animals was probably a

Protist

Upright growth in non-woody plants is supported by

Pumping water into cells to increase their rigidity

Mollusks have a rasping feeding structure known as the

Radula

The best classification system is that which most closely

Reflects evolutionary history

Which of the following characteristics do mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share?

Reproductive cells in gametangia; embryos

Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came most recently?

Rise and diversification of angiosperms

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms?

Secondary radial symmetry

One reason for the enormous evolutionary success of seed plants is their possession of

Seeds with food reserves for the young sporophyte, seeds with a resting stage that can remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are favorable for growth of the sporophyte.

Cephalization is most commonly associated with

Sessile animals

Which of the following is not unique to animals?

Sexual reproduction

According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of

Skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits.

What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans?

Some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering

What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the relationship between grades and clades?

Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. This success is due to all of the following except

Sperm cells with flagella

The bryophytes are dependent on water for reproduction because

Sperm must swim through water to reach and fertilize eggs

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?

Spiral and determinate clevage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development

You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a

Sponge

What is the key difference between choanoflagellates and sponges?

Sponges are asymmetrical and do not have tissues

The terms below all refer to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi expect

Spore production

Which of these are structures in a gametophyte generation?

Spores, egg, sperm, pollen, archegonium

Stigma

Sticky material to help pollen adhere

Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants?

The development of seeds

When some autotrophic Euglena are placed in the dark, they

Stop producing their photosynthetic pigment, begin feeding on organic material floating int the surrounding water

The overall size that unicellular protists can achieve is limited by their

Surface area-to-volume ratio

Which adaptation is unique to insects among all protostomes?

The ability to move by flying

Which of the following is not the primary dispersal form of its group?

The adults of bivalves

Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?

The amniotic egg

Which one of the following traits do the Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii share?

The gills are the major site of gas exchange

Diploblasts and triploblasts are terms that refer to?

The number of tissue layers during development

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus

Lichens acquire energy from

The radiant energy from the sun

Why are animals with thin cuticles generally restricted to moist habitats?

The thin cuticle allows water to be lost across the body surface

An example of bioremediation is

The use of prokaryotes to treat sewage or clean up oil spills

Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we classify them under different taxonomic units. Which of the observations below comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa?

Their cell walls are constructed from very different biochemicals.

Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because

Their gametophytes are protected by sporophytes and gametophytes obtain nutrition from sporophytes

The Greek root ecto means "outer." Why are ectomycorrhizal fungi, or EMF, aptly named?

Their hyphae from dense mats that envelop roots but do not penetrate the walls of cells inside the root

What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments?

Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration.

Which of the following is not a characteristic or purpose of spider webs and threads?

They are composed primarily of carbohydrates

Phytoplankton compromise photosynthetic protists and bacteria. For the most part, humans do not consume phytoplankton. Why then, are they important?

They are food for many marine organisms that humans eat.

What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, and pine cone scales?

They are modified leaves

Organisms classified as Euglenozoa have previously been classified as protozoans, protists, plants and animals. Why the confusion?

They are unicellular. They are heterotrophic. They are photosynthetic.

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?

They are wind pollinated.

Most moss leaves do not have a cuticle, are one to two cells thick, and have no veins. What does this imply about moss leaves and their structure?

They do not have stomata for gas exchange regulation, they can easily lose water to and absorb water from the atmosphere, they do not have vascular tissue.

Which of the following is not characteristic of nematodes?

They have longitudinal and circular muscles

Which statement about ferns is true?

They inhibit shaded, moist woodlands and swamps to aid in their reproduction

What is not true of all arthropods?

They metamorphose during development.

What do the archaea used in primary sewage treatment and the archaea that help cattle digest cellulose have in common?

They produce methane as a waste product. Methanogen- found in digestive tract of animals and humans.

How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike?

They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners

How do fungi digest their food?

They secrete enzymes onto their food outside the animal

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. How do they differ?

They use different sources of carbon. Autotrophs obtain carbon from inorganic sources. Heterotrophs obtain carbon from other organisms.

Modern mitochondria are the descendants of what were once free-living alpha proteobacteria. Insofar as mitochondria becoming inactive during periods of oxygen debt, what is probably true of their alpha proteobacterial ancestors?

They were obligate aerobes and heterotrophs.

What is the major function of cellular respiration?

To produce ATP. Process of oxidizing food molecules to carbon dioxide and water. Process occurs in two phases glycolysis- breaking down glucose and the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid- to carbon dioxide/water

Which of the following statements concerning the tracheal system in insects is false?

Tracheae expand and contract like lungs to move oxygen to the blood.

Cyanobacteria

Use chlorophyll a and release oxygen during photosynthesis

What problems do biologists try to solve with the help of bioremediation?

Uses organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic substances. Oil spills, detoxification of chlorinated compounds, degradation of pesticides, degradation of nitrate contaminants.

Which of the following is not one of the evolutionary adaptations to land shared by all plants?

Water transport by xylem

Which of these is not a trend in primate evolution?

Well developed claws for clinging to trees

Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments?

Wings

The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better-adapted to land except

a dominant gametophyte

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?

a haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte

Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the

absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs

The closest "relatives" of fungi are probably

animals

Fungi have the ability to break down

carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and

cyanobacteria, green algae

Euglenoids evolved a ___ for swimming and they have the same type of ___ in common with all plants and green algae.

flagellum, chloroplast

In the alternation of generations, the gametophyte generation is ___ and produces ___

haploid; gametes

Hydrostatic skeleton

have a role in the locomotion of echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins), coelenterates (jellyfish), annelids (earthworms), nematodes, and other invertebrates (snails). Allows them to burrow

An evolutionary trend that runs throughout the plant kingdom is for the sporophyte generation to become ___ and more independent of the gametophyte, and the gametophyte generation to become ___ and more dependent upon the sporophyte

larger; smaller

The arthropod exoskeleton is composed of a

mixture of layers of proteins and a polysaccharide called chitin.

The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered

mutualistic

What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects?

radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages

Plants can prevent water loss from cells by

secreting a waxy cuticle

Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except

the ability of some species to fly

Bryophytes never formed forests because

they lack lignified vascular tissue


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