Biology Exam 3 Study Guide

Which of the following characteristics is likely to be found in larger versus smaller animals?

A highly branched respiratory system

You think you suffer from contact eczema but aren't sure what is triggering it. Which of the following is true?

A patch test may or may not diagnose the trigger.

You are diagnosed with eczema. Which of the following is your dermatologist most likely to prescribe for occasional flare-ups?

A steroid cream

An epithelial cell with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm probably has what function?

Absorption and secretion

Which of these is an example of negative feedback?

After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?

Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

Select the correct statement describing feedback control in animals.

An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another. Submit

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

Blood

Which of the following occurs when body temperature decreases below normal body temperature?

Blood vessels in the skin constrict to help prevent heat loss.

Which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts?

Bone

Microscopic analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes, indicating that the sample was probably taken from __________ tissue.

Cartilage

Which of the following lists of animal structures is ordered from smallest to largest?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity compared to organisms consisting of just one cell?

Cells can specialize.

Which of the following organ systems in mammals is mismatched with its function?

Circulatory; coordination of body activities

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Which statement about endotherms and ectotherms is correct?

Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms.

Which of the following systems is correctly paired with one of its parts?

Endocrine system; thyroid gland

How do endotherms and ectotherms differ?

Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.

Select the correct statement about essential nutrients.

Essential nutrients must be obtained from diet.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between hormone signaling and neuron signaling?

Hormone signals travel throughout the body, but neuron signals travel to specific locations.

The images below show two countercurrent heat exchangers in marine animals: in the flipper of a sea turtle (left) and in the abdomen of a dolphin (right).

In a sea turtle's flippers, heat is transferred from (1) to (3).In a dolphin, blood cools as it flows from the aorta to the testes.At a dolphin's testes, heat is transferred from (1) to (2).

Many people have a tendency to gorge on rich, fatty foods. How could such a preference have evolved?

In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage.

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?

Integrator

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

Large intestine--bile production

When a person's body temperature increases, sweating helps bring the temperature down. This is an example of __________.

Negative feedback

__________ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it __________.

Negative; tends to keep a system at a desirable "set point"

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

Nutrient absorption

If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system, the third event in the series would be:

Pepsin activates pepsinogen

Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?

Regulatory homeostasis.

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?

Sensor

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?

Shivering

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the highest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Shrew

Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between simple squamous cells and stratified squamous cells?

Simple squamous cells form a single layer, which is useful for gas exchange, and stratified squamous cells are multilayered and regenerate rapidly.

_____ muscle is attached to bones.

Skeletal

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle consists of cells that each have a single nucleus.

Two graphs. One showing the relationship of basal metabolic rate to body size for various mammals. The other showing the relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size. Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR (basal metabolic rate) and body mass of mammals. (Look carefully at the quantity being displayed on the y-axis of each figure.)

Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment?

The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

Based on graph (a), one observer suggests that a group of 100 ground squirrels would consume the same amount of oxygen per hour as 1 dog because 100 ground squirrels have the same total body mass as 1 dog. A second observer disagrees. Who is correct?

The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume more oxygen per hour than 1 dog.

Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape?

The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.

Lizards also thermoregulate and, as in humans, thermoregulation in lizards involves negative feedback. Lizards, however, are ectotherms and gain most of their heat from external sources. Therefore, they often use behavioral mechanisms to adjust their body temperature. For example, if a lizard's body temperature drops below its normal range, the lizard may seek a sunny resting spot to warm up. What are the stimulus and the response in this example?

The stimulus is decreased body temperature, and the response is the behavior to seek a sunny spot.

Consider the interior surface of the human stomach and its secretions, shown in the figure. Why doesn't gastric juice, composed of hydrochloric acid and a protease called pepsin, digest the cells that line the stomach?

The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water.

What is the first thing that happens when body temperature increases above normal body temperature?

The thermostat in the hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms.

Where in the body would you be most likely to find secretory cells shaped like dice?

Thyroid and salivary glands

Identify the roles played by human gut bacteria.

Ulcers are caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Your friend has eczema on her hands. Which of the following would likely be the best thing for to do?

Use lotion after washing her hands.

Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection?

You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____.

a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?

a desert bird

Natural selection refers to

a mechanism of evolution.

You can estimate the contribution of each wedge in a pie chart by remembering that the entire circle represents 100%, half is 50%, and so on. What percent of the mouse's energy budget goes to basal metabolism?

about 25%

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes __________.

add a water molecule to break bonds

Cartilage is found _____.

at the ends of bones such as the femur

Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?

blood

Ligaments connect ________ to ________.

bone to bone

Bacteria in the human gut are which of the following?

both pathogens and mutualists

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.

branched

A neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its _________ and __________.

cell body; dendrites

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

connective tissue

A neuron consists of _____.

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The __________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

elephant; mouse

An organism that generates body heat by means of its own metabolism is _________, and an organism that gains body heat from external sources is ________.

endothermic; ectothermic

Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____.

endotherms that are also poikilotherms

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____.

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

fat

Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest.

fish, dog, mouse

Animals can be classified according to their mode of thermoregulation. Sort the animals below, indicating their likely thermoregulatory strategy. Note that poikilotherms are sometimes referred to as heterotherms.

homeothermic endotherm: walrus, eagle, coyote •homeothermic ectotherm: arctic shrimp •poikilothermic ectotherm: salamander, freshwater catfish, butterfly

During a fever, the __________ readjusts the set point of the body to a __________ temperature.

hypothalamus; higher

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs

if it is growing and increasing its mass.

The CEO of a pharmaceutical company is interested in developing an oral drug for the id reaction of eczema. Which of the following body systems should the drug suppress?

immune

Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules, __________.

interferes with heat loss by evaporation

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has

less surface area per unit of volume

Homeostasis is the _____.

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

muscle and liver glycogen

An organ such as the heart or liver consists of __________.

nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue.

The __________ system and the __________ system work together to coordinate and control the bodies of most animals.

nervous, endocrine

The four major categories of tissues are _____.

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

pharynx

In blood, the matrix component is ________, and the cellular component contains _________.

plasma; red and white blood cells

Myosin and actin are __________.

proteins that play a major role in muscle contraction

A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____.

reduce the loss of heat to the environment

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

simple cuboidal cells

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

simple squamous epithelium

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

smooth muscle

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

stratified epithelium

Which of the following pairs of connective tissue and its function is correctly matched?

tendons; attach muscles to bones

Skeletal muscle is said to be "striated" because __________.

the arrangement of the sarcomeres gives it a striped appearance

Interstitial fluid is __________.

the fluid that fills the spaces between cells of vertebrates

Most cells are microscopic because at this small size, __________.

the ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized

Imagine you have two sets of 8 blocks, each measuring 1 cmcm along each edge. You arrange one set into a large cube, 2 blocks ×× 2 blocks ×× 2 blocks. You arrange the other set into a straight beam, 1 block ×× 8 blocks. Compared with the beam, the large cube has

the same volume but a smaller surface area.

Metabolic rate is _____.

the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

An emergent property belongs to

the whole of something but not its parts.

The main function(s) of connective tissues in the body is/are _________.

to hold tissues and organs in place and to join adjacent tissues together

Nervous tissue functions _____.

to sense stimuli

A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism that is an adaptation enabling animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions is known as _________.

torpor

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

true

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

wind blowing across the body surface

Your aunt is a dermatologist. When will she be likely to see the most patients suffering from eczema flare-ups?

winter