biology exam

Which of the following occurs as air is drawn through the nose?

Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified.

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases?

Alzheimer's disease

All of the following are TRUE regarding the effect of smoking on the respiratory system EXCEPT which one?

Antimicrobial compounds found in the respiratory mucus of smokers decrease the likelihood of infection

During periods of stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates

False

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

False

FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.

GnRH

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

LH

Which one of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

Oxygen is essential for the production of most of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions.

Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?

Parkinson's disease

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

Production of natural cortisol may decrease.

Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of

TSH

Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?

The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls skeletal muscles.

True

Which of the following structures is the location of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood?

alveoli

Which of the following disorders is described as follows: damage to motor nerves innervating skeletal muscle; skeletal muscles weaken; death usually results within five years of diagnosis?

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are a type of neuroglial cell

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

A condition in which wheezing occurs with breathlessness and a persistent cough, and yields yellowish or greenish phlegm is

bronchitis

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they

can have alveoli attached to them.

The brain and spinal cord make up the __________.

central nervous system

People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain?

cerebellum

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?

corpus callosum

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

diabetes insipidus

Which one of the following muscles separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

diaphragm

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

dwarfism

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

estrogen and progesterone

During periods of stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates.

false

In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.

false

The figure above depicts expiration.

false

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

false

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation

The respiratory control center is located

in the medulla oblongata

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

insulin

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

iodine

During puberty, the increased production of testosterone in males causes the rapid enlargement of which one of the following structures of the respiratory system?

larynx

When air entering the respiratory tract leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

larynx

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the

medulla oblongata

Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions?

motor

Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

motor neurons

External respiration is the process of

moving gases into or out of the blood stream within lung tissue

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

neuroglial cells

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

parasympathetic division

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

promoting fat utilization

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

promoting the entry of glucose into cells

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

repolarization

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

sensory division

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage beginning in the

spinal cord

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

thyroid and parathyroid

During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.

true

Hemoglobin binds more tightly to carbon monoxide than to oxygen.

true

Lung capacity is typically measured with the use of a spirometer.

true

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood directly across the alveoli wall.

true

Surfactant is released to reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

true

The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls skeletal muscles.

true

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

true

Oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart

via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circuit