Biology Exam Prep

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

A scientist is studying a species which normally reproduces asexually. What species concepts could be used to define it?

Phylogenetic and ecological species concept

Many Australian flowers are adapted to be pollinated by Australian creatures. Which of the following adaptations is likely the largest contributor to the unique nature of Australia's flora:

Plants produce flowers on sturdy stems to support the weight of birds.

We could use biodiversity to measure the

Pollution of an area, recovery of an ecosystem after a disturbance, impact of urbanisation

An immature mayfly that is feeding on algae is eaten by a fish, which is then eaten by a bear. What was the mayfly's role in the ecosystem?

Primary consumer

In general, the total biomass in terrestrial ecosystems will be greatest for which trophic level?

Primary producers

Select the option where the trophic levels are correctly placed in ascending (bottom-up) order?

Producer, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Compared to an internal skeleton, what is an advantage of an exoskeleton?

Provides greater physical protection

Which of these is not considered a way ecosystems can contribute directly to people's good health and wellbeing, considered under SDG 3?

Provides urban cooling

Experimental evolution is a technique that has been used to show that

fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster are able to evolve resilience to extreme cold stress within just a few generations

Which of these is not a primary producer?

fungi

The bringing together of information from a variety of disciplines and sources to inform debates and decisions on specific issues is known as

evidence synthesis

Organisms respond to environmental change (such as global warming) in several ways. Which of the following responses is the slowest, and thus LEAST likely to occur in the event of rapid environmental change?

evolutionary adaption

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

keystone species

Bergmann's Rule states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species that are

larger in size are found in colder environments than those that are smaller in size

Sclerophylly is considered to be a response to:

low soil fertility

What is the general pattern of the Earth's latitudinal diversity gradient?

terrestrial species diversity is highest around the tropics and declines towards the poles

Seasonal variation in temperature is caused by:

the Earth's tilted axis of rotation

In general, the most important determinant of plant community type in Australia is:

the amount and regularity of rainfall

The temperature at or near the Earth's surface results from all of the following EXCEPT:

the direction of prevailing wind

Genotype-by-environment interactions mean that

the effect of any given genotype on the phenotype is difficult to predict

With ecological footprints, in general,

the higher the standard of living, the larger the ecological footprint

Australian vegetation differs from that of other continents in a number of ways, including all of the following EXCEPT:

the presence of sclerophyllous species in Australia.

Heritability is

the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic differences among individuals

Aichi targets have been assessed as achieved overall if:

the segments would be blue or green

Evapotranspiration is

the sum of direct evaporation of water from soils and water bodies and the amount of water transpired by plants

Polar regions are cooler than equatorial ones because:

the sunlight strikes the poles at an oblique angle

The only continent where no anthropogenic extinctions have been recorded is from:

Antarctica

What is the main diet of small macropods like potoroos?

Fungi

The Anthropocene follows on from the

Holocene

Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the snake?

0.1%

Put the following events in the order from the oldest to most recent: 1) origin of life, 2) evolution of prokaryotes, 3) evolution of eukaryotes, 4) evolution of multicellularity.

1 > 2 > 3 > 4

Using the relationship between the number of host-specific beetle species to tree species, estimate the number of beetle species in a forest plot. The plot contains 30 tree species, and each tree species host, on average, 3 unique species of beetles in the canopy. Also, there are twice as many beetle species in the canopy than on the ground.

135

In the paper from your Discover reading by Waters et al. (2016), the great acceleration corresponds with what year?

1950

Globally, without recent conservation efforts, the extinction rates of mammals and birds over the past decade would have:

2-4 times higher

Approximately how much of the entire photosynthetic output of land do humans use?

25%

Under the Paris Climate Agreement, Australia has committed to reduce its total greenhouse gas emissions by a certain percentage below 2005 levels by 2030. This percentage is

26-28%

How much of our planet is considered to be the tropics?

40%

Microbial abundance in the human gut is approximately 1014. Using the richness-abundance scaling relationship (S = 7.6 x N0.35), estimate the approximate number of microbial species in our gut.

6.0 x 10^5

What is the most recent estimate of the number of eukaryotic species on earth today?

8.7 million

Species richness is:

A count of species

In which of the following scenarios would you expect evolution to NOT occur?

A large isolated population, where there is no mating with individuals outside the population. Random mating occurs within the population, where each member has equal fitness and there is minimal mutation

The plant genus Nothofagus has a present-day and/or fossil distribution across all of the following Southern Hemisphere continents / islands EXCEPT:

Africa

The colonization of land and diversification in arthropods and vertebrates occurred

After the colonization of land by plants and fungi

During the industrial revolution (which led to an increase in soot in the atmosphere), the light form of the peppered moth (Biston betularia) rapidly decreased in frequency and was replaced by a darker morph. This represents a case of:

Adaptive evolution under directional selection

The oxygen catastrophe in Earth's history refers to:

Anaerobic lifeforms could not tolerate the high oxygen levels

Plants can have symbiotic relationships with insects such as ants. Consider the bullhorn acacia example and select the TRUE response.

Ants protect the acacia by eating insect eggs and larvae on the plant, and removing creeping vines that try to grow on the plant

According to the earth's energy budget, how is majority of the energy from the solar radiation that enters the atmosphere sent back out to space?

As infrared radiation (heat) from the surface and atmosphere

I once saw a bumper sticker that said "Reunite Gondwana". Which region would not be part of this?

Baltica

Which one of the following genera does not belong in the eucalypt family, the Myrtaceae?

Banksia

Climate engineering techniques using marine systems for carbon dioxide uptake and storage do NOT include

Biochar production

Which area is most likely to have the highest proportion of endemic species?

Borneo, Indonesia (latitude = 1.15)

Which area is most likely to have the highest species richness?

Borneo, Indonesia (latitude = 1.15)

All of the following features may be found on sclerophyll plants except (choose the FALSE response):

Broad leaves

Which of the following is a trait that allows Australian plants to inhabit arid environments?

C4 physiology, sclerophylly, succulent leaves and/or stems.

An Australian insect group that DOES NOT have Gondwanan connections is:

Cockroaches

All of the following are responses of plants to cold stress EXCEPT:

Conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membrane to a solid mosaic one.

One of the arguments in favour of the Anthropocene was that the widespread use of new materials, such as concrete, plastics and aluminium could potentially.....

Create a new characteristic that would be used to date future geological deposits from this time period

Dinosaurs became extinct during the:

Cretaceous

Choose the genus that is NOT a common component of Australian flora.

Cupressus

When first proposed, Darwin's theory of natural selection did not fully explain how evolution could occur. This was because:

Darwin proposed the theory before accurate mechanisms of genetic inheritance were established

A general trend in global biodiversity is a gradient of

Decreasing diversity moving from the equator toward the poles

A food web:

Describes how carbon cycles through ecosystems

In the case of the Coho salmon, smaller male fish and larger male fish have a greater fitness in comparison to the intermediately sized male fish. This case shows an example of which type of selection?

Disruptive selection

Three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) show substantial heritable variation in gill-raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallow-water prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake (open water in the middle and shallow water around the sides) with a high density of these fish?

Disruptive selection

Biodiversity components directly deliver benefits that may contribute to the achievement of individual SDGs. Blicharska and colleagues consider these components to be:

Ecosystems, species and genes

Select the FALSE pairing:

Ericaceae: The Wattles

What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

Eutheria

It is important to maintain biodiversity for promoting ecosystem functioning. Examples of ecosystem functions do not include:

Evenness of species distribution

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is

Evolution

The example of the gradual decrease in wingsize in the Grey-crowned Babbler is an example of what type of response

Evolution

Invasive species typically

Expand in population size dramatically when in a new area, sometimes with negative consequences for native species and ecosystems

Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called?

Genetic drift

An emu came from which biogeographic group?

Gondwanan

Plant genera such as Eucalyptus, that are restricted to southern hemisphere continents, are said to have _____________ distributions.

Gondwanan

What is considered an implication of covid-19 on greenhouse gas emissions?

May result in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions for 2020

Sclerophylls are plants that

Have evolved to survive low nutrient soils, drought and fire.

Prior to splitting apart in the early Cretaceous (~130mya), Gondwana included all of these current-day localities except (select the FALSE answer):

Hawaii

Lyme disease is spread by ticks to humans. Abundance of ticks and thus the spread of the disease depends on the diversity of small mammals and rodents. Which of the following statements is correct:

High diversity of resistant mammal species reduces the incidence of this disease in susceptible hosts, thereby reducing transmission to humans.

The Ocean Health Index clean water score measures contamination by chemicals, excessive nutrients (eutrophication), human pathogens and hard waste in the marine environment. The overall score varies between 0 and 100, and is higher when the pollution of estuarine, coastal, and open ocean waters is assessed as minimized. The global average score is 74, and in comparison, Australia's score is

Higher than the global average

Over the past two decades the key causes of extinction and decline of Australian mammals do not include

Hunting

The producers in ecosystems include which of the following?I Photosynthetic protistsII CyanobacteriaIII Plants

I, II and III

Which one of the following statements about bacteria is correct?

In comparison to the other kingdoms, the structural differences between prokaryotes is not great.

Small animals such as mice are able to survive falls from many times their size whereas the same relative fall for a person would prove lethal. Why is this the case?

In proportion to their weight, the body of the mouse experiences much greater air resistance (they have a low surface to volume ratio, whereas ours is large)

On assessment of the SDG's, global marine key biodiversity areas covered by protected areas have

Increased from 2000

In the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, the progress towards a 2050 Vision is achieved through a 2020 Mission. There are five strategic goals addressing the mission. These goals do not include

Increasing the direct pressures on biodiversity and reducing sustainable use

What areas have the most percentage cover of agricultural land?

India

Hyperoxia (increased level of O2) can cause

Insect body size to increase

Which of the following groups of animals is most species rich?

Insects

The behaviour leading to cannibalism of male Redback spiders is an example of an adaptation that has evolved under:

Intersexual selection

What has happened to the rate of deforestation globally (2011-2020) compared to the past decade?

It has fallen by a third

If the proportion of each body part is kept unchanged, a mouse as large as an elephant cannot survive because

It's skeleton would not be able to support the weight

Eucalypts are adapted to fire-prone environments. Select the answer that is NOT an adaptation to fire for eucalypts.

Large hollow cavities for storage of water used to withstand a fire.

In the workshop, we investigated the real-life study of the change in wild bird size over time by Dr Janet Gardiner. Which of the following discoveries were not supported by Dr Gardiner's data?

Larger birds have evolved to live at higher altitudes

In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, there are 17 goals. These goals do not include

Life in the Atmosphere

Some examples of over-exploitation of natural environments include

Logging

According to the theory of plate tectonics, continents are

Made of lighter rocks that ride on plates and shift position over geological time

Based on a comparison of Australia's progression towards the Aichi targets, when compared to the rest of the world which of the following areas is Australia most likely to be doing as well, or better in achieving the goals?

Marine fish and invertebrate fishing practices.

Australia's coverage of marine areas incorporated into some sort of protected areas:

Meets the SDG target of 10%

You may have heard that monarch butterflies (and their caterpillars) are "poisonous" to many predators. What makes these insects so toxic?

Monarch caterpillars store cardenolides from milkweeds.

If we consider the rates of species description and current rates of extinction, we are:

More species are becoming extinct than we can describe them

The original source of all genetic variation is

Mutation

The largest family of flowering plants in Australia is the:

Myrtaceae

Most crop plants acquire their nitrogen mainly in the form of

NO3-

What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution?

Natural selection

Carnivorous adaptations of plants mainly compensate for soil that has a relatively low content of

Nitrogen

With regards to the analysis of modeled historical global temperatures, which would best represent the findings of the IPCC?

No periods of the past 1000 years have been as consistently hot globally as the last 30 years.

Two strains of corn grow to produce different yields of grain in response to differing amounts of nitrogen in the soil. Grain yield for one strain varies dramatically with soil nitrogen content as opposed to the other strain where grain yield varies marginally. The range of phenotypes observed for a given strain along an environmental gradient from high to low nitrogen content is termed the:

Norm of reaction (or Reaction Norm)

During the early Cretaceous in Australia, the flora included all of the following taxa/species/plant types EXCEPT:

Nothofagus

According to the Transforming Australia: SDG Progress Report, Australia's progress towards Goal 15 - Life On Land, Target 15.5: 'Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species' was assessed as being

Off track

Which of the following is true?

Once it is established in a population, a new mutation may increase or decrease in frequency depending on the environment

Select the CORRECT option. In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants?

Only nitrogen is not derived from the breakdown of parent rock.

In the paper from your Discover reading by Maxwell et al. (2016), what are the two most prevalent threats to threatened and near-threatened species?

Over-exploitation and Agriculture

When all continents were fused into one during the Permian period, they were called

Pangaea

Carbon dioxide is typically measured in

Parts per million

Which of the following descriptions occurs during BOTH the basal (non-specific) and specific resistance to invading pathogens?

Pathogen molecules are detected by a plant's cellular receptors

A major evolutionary episode that corresponded in time most closely with the formation of Pangea was the:

Permian extinctions

The Palaeozoic includes the following periods of time:

Permian, Devonian and Silurian

In many reptiles, brood sex ratios are determined by temperature the clutch is reared at, rather than by sex chromosomes. Temperature-mediated cases of sex determination provide an example of:

Phenotypic plasticity

Which of the nutrients goes through the slowest cycle?

Phosphorus

Eutrophication, excessive growth, can result as an excess of which two nutrients?

Phosphorus and Nitrogen

Which of the following processes increases the level of atmospheric oxygen?

Photosynthesis

A plant is short with wide spread but shallow roots. Its leaves are large and deep green to maximise photosynthetic ability. They have large, open stomata to ensure maximal intake of CO2 and release of water. Which environment would you suggest this plant has adapted to?

Rainforest

Australia, while large, has a small population compared to other developed nations. As such, we are sometimes considered a small player/ contributor on the world stage. Which of the following Aichi targets would Australia's practices and ecosystems MOST likely have the greatest impact on the world stage, compared to other countries?

Reduced anthropogenic effects/ pressures on coral reefs.

One potential geoengineering method to combat global warming is to

Release mirrors into the atmosphere

Heterotrophs that prey on grazers are:

Secondary consumers

The peacock's tail is likely to have evolved under

Sexual selection

An example of an old immigrant is?

Skink

The oldest eucalypt macrofossil was found in:

South America

What area in the world has the largest extent of net loss of forest?

South America

Australia's native fauna largely consists of which two components?

South-east Asian and Gondwanan

Which of the following statements about species richness is correct?

Species richness of animals is positively correlated with the richness of plants

In humans, historically, body size at birth is likely to have been shaped by

Stabilising selection

In the case of the Sociable Weaver, we observed a case where individual birds whose body mass significantly differed from the mean body mass for the population were selected against.What type of selection is at play here?

Stabilising selection

Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction?

Tertiary consumers

In an ecosystem where the energy and biomass at the primary producer level is represented by the number 500, which of the following would be the most likely trophic level in a general system

Tertiary consumers: 0.5

Which one of the following can BEST be explained by plate tectonics?

The Australian lungfish (Neoceradotus) inhabits shallow freshwater stream and lakes. Its closest relatives are found in Africa and South America.

Which of the following statements BEST describes the effect of climate on biome distribution?

The distribution of biomes depends, in part, on mean annual temperature and precipitation.

The relationship between maximum size in insects and atmospheric oxygen concentration (or partial pressure) was maintained from the Mid-Carboniferous until ∼130 Mya in the Early Cretaceous. What decoupled this relationship?

The evolution of flying predators, in particular, birds

A high school student is carrying out a science project. She plants alfalfa seeds, and encloses an area planted with one set of alfalfa seeds within a box covered in red cellophane (which reflects light of red wavelengths, but not far-red wavelengths). She leaves another set of planted alfalfa seeds uncovered. What do you expect she'll find in these two alfalfa populations when her science project is over?

The germination rate will be higher in the uncovered seed set.

Which of the following statements regarding the history and fates of Eucalyptus and Nothofagus is FALSE?

The greatest increase in Eucalyptus numbers occurred soon after Australia split completely split from Gondwana (~100 MYA).

Which of the following was NOT an observation made after the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park?

The overall number of small animals in the area decreased due to being hunted by the wolves.

What is the main explanation for why insects today are smaller than their ancestors?

The oxygen content of the air was higher in the past

In the 4th outlook of global success towards the Aichi Targets, Antarctica was left out of the global comparison. When Antarctica was compared to the rest of the world in the 4th outlook, in which of the following areas was Antarctica doing SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER?

The prevention and conservation of threatened species.

You have a really leafy houseplant that completely shades the soil in the pot where it is growing. You notice that the tips of some roots are starting to break through the surface of the soil. If you do nothing, what would you expect to happen to the growth of these roots and why?

The roots will grow downward back into the soil because the statoliths are being redistributed due to gravity and that will change the direction of growth.

Which one of the following can BEST be explained by continental drift/plate tectonics?

The scarcity of eutherian (placental) mammals in Australia.

Which of the following is true of Pigface plants?

The stems and leaves store water due to the variable rainfall in their environment.

Which of the following statements is the most correct with regards to the UN Sustainable Development Goals vs. the CBD Aichi Targets?

The sustainable development goals relate to sustainability and social equality including biodiversity factors, while the Aichi targets major focus is biodiversity.

Grasses have evolved many adaptations that allow them to survive in their natural landscapes. Choose the TRUE adaptation below.

Their areas of growth and elongation remain protected near the ground so they can survive and regenerate following fire or herbivory.

Which of the following statements it true of Sweet pittosporum?

Their fruit contains sticky seeds that aid in dispersal.

Which one of the following options is INCORRECT in regard to Australian native bats?

They are all of Gondwanan origin

Which characteristic is NOT TRUE for tannins in eucalypt leaves:

They are highly flammable

Diprotodont mammals are a monophyletic group characterised by a number of features. Which of the following is correct?

They have one pair of lower incisor teeth and molars for crushing and grinding food

Which of the following animals only very recently became extinct?

Thylacinus

The arrows in a food web represents the

Transfer of energy

Which of the following does NOT explain why there are more species in the tropics than in temperate forests?

Tropics are younger

What would impact biodiversity in an agricultural setting?

Using insecticides

When describing the effect mountain ranges have on rainfall patterns which of the following is correct?

Warm air forced up by mountains cools as it rises and causes rain

A houseplant is growing on your windowsill. Every Sunday, without fail, your roommate turns the plant 180 degrees. When you ask your roommate why she does that, her reply is simply, "I want straight plants." Does this method produce straight plants?

Yes. Rotating the plant will even out the growth of the plant toward the light by changing where the light hits the plant every week.

Male Redback spiders are often eaten while mating with female Redback spiders. Does this cannibalistic behaviour of females confer any fitness advantage to the males, and if so why / why not?

Yes. The likelihood of being eaten increases the longer the male remains in copula, thereby releasing more sperm into the female and increasing the likelihood of paternity success for the male

Which of these is the smallest unit that natural selection can change?

a population's gene frequency

The local and regional effects of deforestation include all of the following EXCEPT:

a reduction in the availability of land for agriculture.

Predictable consequences of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere include all of the following EXCEPT:

a reduction in the concentration of oxygen gas

While responses to plant hormones are normaly slow, one hormone has been shown to be involved in the rapid opening and closing of stomata. Which of the following is that hormone?

abscisic acid

Examples of forcings do NOT include

acidification of the oceans

Evolutionary adaptation can be seen as a long term response to climate change, because:

adaptation can only occur across multiple generations, since it involves changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Select the option that CORRECTLY completes the following sentence. Australia became a separate island continent:

after South America separated from Antarctica

Which one of the following terrestrial environments is least represented in Australia?

alpine

Artificial fertilisation of oceans would lead to

an increase in primary production

There are many changes in the environment that can be seen as evidence of a warming climate. One of these does NOT include:

an increase in snow cover

Which of the following is incorrect? Australian native rodents:

are all of Gondwanan origin.

In Australia, succulent species of plants:

are less diverse than on other continents.

When a species cannot tolerate climate change in situ, or colonize suitable habitat elsewhere quickly enough, in general they

become extinct

The survival strategies of plants growing in very dry habitats include all of the following EXCEPT

being deciduous in summer.

According to the IPCC, between 1951-2010 how much has greenhouse gases contributed to global mean surface warming

between 0.5°C and 1.3°C

Australian animals display remarkable adaptations to semi-arid environments. For example, in to reduce water loss, many Australian frogs will ________.

burrow

Larger mammals

can maintain body temperature more efficiently than smaller mammals

Methods by which plants may increase the uptake of nutrients by their roots include all of the following EXCEPT:

capture and metabolism of insects by carnivorous plants.

Geoengineering could also be called

climate engineering

Why do the dominant plants of similar biomes on different continents look similar to one another?

convergent evolution of traits

Which of the following is NOT an example of a plant defence against herbivory?

cryptic colouration

Along altitudinal or latitudinal gradients, one usually finds the same sequence of biomes. In both cases, there are equivalent changes along the gradient for all of the following EXCEPT:

day length

The following are all responses to global climate change by terrestrial, marine and freshwater species. Which is likely to be the LEAST readily available response for most species?

decrease in body size

In the central Pacific Ocean, the pH of the sea water has

decreased

Because tropical plants have very high species diversity, they also have very low population:

density

Select the most correct option. Mallee vegetation is characterised by the presence of the following types of vegetation, except:

drought-sensitive

Which one of the following ecological units incorporates ABIOTIC factors?

ecosystems

An area in which different terrestrial biomes grade into each other is known as a(n):

ecotone

Which Australian vertebrate group DOES NOT have a fossil record extending back to Gondwanan times:

elapid snakes

The platypus and echidna are:

endemic to the Australian plate

The three main components of biodiversity are:

genetic diversity, species diversity, and community & ecosystem diversity.

A PhD student collected individuals of many different populations of a given species of beetle found along the eastern seaboard of Australia, and brought these back to the lab. They then conducted an experiment on the individuals of the different populations, exposing each to an extreme cold stress, and measuring how long it took for these individuals to recover from this cold stress. They observed that individuals captured in the tropical north of Australia took much longer to recover from the stress than those captured in the temperate south of Australia. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that southern temperate populations of this beetle:

have evolved a higher capacity than tropical northern populations to tolerate extremely cold thermal conditions

The tropics are regions that are characterised by the following set of climatic parameters.

high temperature and solar radiation, ascending air masses, lots of rainfall

The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has seen a rise in atmospheric temperature. In general,

higher latitudes have warmed more than environments near the equator

The environment of Australia prior to its separation from Antactica could best be described as:

humid with extensive temperate rainforest.

Greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT:

hydrogen sulphide

Bacteria obtain energy by all of the following methods EXCEPT by:

hydrolysis of water

In a specific experiment, two different plants, which germinated from seeds from the same parent (therefore genetically identical), were grown in two different pots containing the same amount of nutrients, water and sunlight for exactly the same amount of time. One plant was touched every single day for the period of the experiment, while the other was left alone. The results showed that the plant that was touched every day was much shorter in comparison to the plant that was left alone.What type of response was this and was this a short or long-term response? i. Short-term response ii. Long-term response iii. Phenotype plasticity iv. Evolution v. Genotype-by-environment interaction

i and iii are correct

Identical twins provide an excellent way for biologists to study the capacity for phenotypic plasticity, because

identical twins possess the same genotypes, thus allowing biologists to observe how the phenotype is affected by environmental differences in the absence of genetic variation

Which of the following combinations are examples of a short-term responses to environmental stresses: i. Natural selection ii. Migration iii. Genetic drift iv. Evolution v. Phenotypic plasticity vi. Adaptive evolution

ii and v are correct

The Australian megafauna:

included giant lizards, snakes and birds.

Natural selection is based on all of the following except

individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve

Australia's fauna is in sharp contrast with those of the rest of the world. When Australia broke free of the other southern continents

marsupials diversified and eutherians became extinct

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their

method of reproduction

Populations that are faced with novel environmental stressors may respond in three ways in order to avoid extinction. These are via:

migration to other less stressful environments, phenotypic plasticity, or evolutionary adaptation

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of:

minerals

Evolutionary responses to climatic change are

more likely to occur in populations containing high levels of genetic variation than those containing low levels of genetic variation

Correctly complete the following sentence. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has concluded that habitat destruction accounts for

more than 70% of the species that have become extinct, endangered, vulnerable or rare in the last 100 years.

Genetic variation:

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

The interaction between the fungal and higher plant components of a mycorrhizal asociation is best described as a:

mutualism

The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its:

niche

Frequency distributions of complex traits, such a body height, within a population typically resemble

normal distributions

In a marine setting, which of the following limit rates of primary production?

nutrients

Locations where two continental plates separate, with the upwelling of molten material, are known as:

ocean ridges

Phenotypic plasticity refers to the ability

of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments

When biologists examine variation in the mean values of traits, such as body size, across a given species distribution, they often observe linear associations of these values with latitude. They call these associations latitudinal clines. Such clines provide biologists with insights into the capacity:

of these traits to evolve adaptively in response to differences in climatic variables such as temperature

The likely sequence of evolution of diets in macropods is:

omnivore -> browser -> grazer.

An adaptation of some plants to waterlogging is the:

possession of aerial roots that provide access to oxygen.

Which of the following BIOTIC factors has the greatest potential impact on the structure and organization of biological communities?

predation, competition, disease

The following are changes in the environment that can be seen as evidence of a warming climate, EXCEPT

reduced severity of cyclones

Fungi are common decomposers that break down the remains of dead plants and animals. These actions most benefit plants by

returning nutrients to the soil

Under conditions of low light, shade plants have higher rates of net photosynthesis than sun plants. This is due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

shade plants are predominantly CAM, and can therefore photosynthesize at night.

Consistent changes in atmospheric temperature across time

should lead to directional selection on populations to cope with these changes

The term monotreme literally means ________.

single opening

Endemic species are defined as

species found in one locality and nowhere else on Earth

The arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are dominated by:

spinifex grasslands and mulga shrublands.

Which of the following hypothesis explain why speciation rate may be higher in the tropics than in temperate forests?

stable climate allows species to specialise

Compared to terrestrial plants, aquatic plants are far less confined by

structural support requirements

In terms of total area, forests that has suffered the biggest losses over the past 10,000 years have been:

temperate forests

Alkaloids are considered "expensive" defense compounds to produce because:

they contain nitrogen, an essential and often limiting element plants need.

Where do biodiversity hotspots predominantly occur?

tropical and subtropical regions on land and at sea

The atmosphere of early Earth probably contained no O2 until the emergence of organisms that _____.

used water as an electron source for photosynthesis

The Coriolis Effect means that which of the following statements is correct?

winds in the Northern Hemisphere deflect to the right, winds in the Southern Hemisphere deflect to the left

Plants (including Australian species) that inhabit very arid environments are collectively known as:

xerophytes

Which of the following members of a marine food chain occupies a similar tropic level to a grasshopper in a terrestrial food chain?

zooplankton


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