Biology - Final

Which set of ecological organization levels is most likely to contain the largest variety of species? A . multiple biomes in a biosphere B . multiple ecosystems in a biome C . multiple individuals in a population D . multiple populations in a community

A A biome is the most inclusive level of biological organization within a biosphere and represents more variety than any other ecological level .

A mutation occurs at the midpoint of a gene, altering all amino acids encoded after the point of mutation. Which mutation could have produced this change? A. deletion of two nucleotides B. deletion of three nucleotides C. insertion of six nucleotides D. insertion of twelve nucleotides

A A deletion of two nucleotides will most likely cause a shift in the codon sequence that codes for an amino acid. This could cause a change in the sequence of amino acids attached after the point of the mutation.

Which activity would a cell be unable to perform if a mutation occurred that caused the Golgi apparatus to stop functioning? A. packaging proteins for transport out of the cell B. processing mRNA as it is transcribed from DNA strands C. providing the location for the delivery of amino acids by tRNA D. producing a template to guide the sequencing of amino acid chains

A A function of the Golgi apparatus is to package and process proteins.

Whales have vestigial femurs and pelvic bones. Which statement explains why the vestigial structures are most likely present in whales? A. Whales evolved over time from ancestors that lived on land. B. Whales evolved over time from fish species that once lived on land. C. Hind legs are an adaptation in whales that is selected for as they evolve into land mammals. D. Hind legs are an evolutionary adaptation observed in whales that walk along the ocean floor.

A A pelvis and a femur are evolutionary remnants that indicate whales likely once walked on land.

Which description is the best example of a population? A. all of the red foxes in a forest B. all of the red foxes in every forest C. all of the organisms in a forest D. all of the organisms in every forest

A A population describes all the individuals of a species within a specific, singular area.

Strep throat is a common human illness often caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Which term best classifies the colonies of Streptococcus pyogenes in a person with strep throat? A. a population B. an organelle C. a community D. an ecosystem

A A population is composed of individuals of the same species (Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria colonies) within a habitat (a person's throat).

Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene? A. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype. B. An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules. C. An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene. D. An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo.

A An allele is any form of a particular gene, located at a specific position on a chromosome, which can be expressed as a phenotype.

Some pistol shrimp within a population do not have eye tissue pockets . What role will natural selection most likely have in the frequency of the alleles responsible for the presence of tissue pockets in the shrimp population over time? A . Natural selection will increase the allele frequency for tissue pockets because they are beneficial to the shrimp . B . Natural selection will decrease the allele frequency for tissue pockets because they are beneficial to the shrimp . C . Natural selection will not affect the allele frequency for tissue pockets because the trait is only in a few organisms . D . Natural selection will lead to the extinction of the shrimp species over time because the tissue pockets could cause poor vision .

A Beneficial traits will increase in allele frequency as organisms with these traits successfully reproduce and pass the traits to offspring

Which statement best describes the outcomes of both meiosis and mitosis? A . Cell division results in daughter cells that contain DNA . B . Each daughter cell has two complete sets of chromosomes . C . Within a cell, two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material . D . Genetically identical daughter cells are produced that can function as body cells or sex cells .

A Both meiosis and mitosis result in daughter cells containing DNA .

At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell . Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells? A . anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis B . anaphase II - telophase II - cytokinesis II C . prophase - metaphase - anaphase D . metaphase II - anaphase II - telophase II

A Chromosomes align during metaphase, which is followed by anaphase

At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell. Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells? A. anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis B. anaphase II - telophase II - cytokinesis II C. prophase - metaphase - anaphase D. metaphase II - anaphase II - telophase II

A Chromosomes align during metaphase, which is followed by anaphase.

Which statement best describes the process by which the millions of body cells that form a housefly can all contain the same genetic information? A. Original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells. B. Original RNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells. C. Original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into four new cells. D. Original RNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into four new cells.

A DNA replication produces two copies of genetic information that are identical to the original DNA and are distributed into two new cells.

Photosynthesis is a process that helps cycle matter through the environment. Which statement best explains the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? A. Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air, and carbohydrates are produced. B. Carbon dioxide is released into the air, and carbohydrates are broken down. C. Carbon and nitrogen are absorbed into the soil, and carbohydrates are produced. D. Carbon and nitrogen are released from the soil, and carbohydrates are broken down.

A Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and use sunlight to produce chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

Ash from a volcanic eruption decreases the amount of available solar energy for a region . Which statement describes how a decrease in available sunlight will most likely affect ecosystems of this region? A . Producer populations will decrease, causing a decrease in consumer populations . B . Producer populations will decrease, causing an increase in consumer populations . C . Decomposer populations will increase, causing a decrease in consumer populations . D . Decomposer populations will increase, causing an increase in consumer populations .

A Reduced sunlight will harm producers and consumers in the ecosystem

A G T G C C G A C. original strand A G G C C G A C. altered strand A section of DNA in a cell is altered. Which mutation is being illustrated in the DNA section above? A. deletion B. insertion C. duplication D. nondisjunction

A The altered strand of DNA is shorter than the original strand; this suggests that one or more bases were deleted.

Which sequence of events correctly describes the process of protein synthesis? A. DNA transcription - mRNA translation - proteins produced B. DNA translation - mRNA transcription - proteins produced C. mRNA transcription - polypeptides form - translation proteins produced D. mRNA translation - polypeptides form - transcription proteins produced

A The process of protein synthesis includes DNA being transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into proteins.

Which statement best describes how scientists use the Yawunik fossil evidence to support its evolutionary relationship to other arthropods? A. They interpret the similar anatomy of other arthropods. B. They identify the DNA of several other similar arthropods. C. They locate other arthropod fossils in the Burgess Shale area. D. They compare embryological development to other arthropods.

A The scientists compared the anatomical and structural similarities to modern arthropods and other arthropod fossils.

Which event describes cellular activities that would be observed during cytokinesis in an animal cell? A. The cytoplasm of the parent cell divides following the division of the nucleus. B. The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle in their most tightly condensed form. C. The DNA and proteins condense and the centrioles move toward the opposite ends of the cell to form a spindle. D. The spindle fibers, attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome, contract and separate as the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.

A This is what happens during cytokinesis.

Which statement describes how a mutation would most likely affect a population? A. Genotypic variation will increase in the population. B. Genotypic variation will decrease in the population. C. The occurrence of a preexisting gene will increase in the population. D. The occurrence of a preexisting gene will decrease in the population.

A When a mutation occurs within genes, it generates new genotypic variations within the population.

Scientists observed that the populations of top-level consumers in a particular ecosystem were rapidly decreasing. Further studies revealed that there was also a decline in producer productivity. Which other changes did the scientists most likely observe in the ecosystem? A. increased producer diversity B. decreased population size at all levels C. decreased primary consumer populations only D. increased primary and secondary consumer diversity

B A decline in the producers of an ecosystem will cause a decrease in all other organisms because the producers are responsible for converting sunlight or chemical energy into usable energy for consumers.

The frequency of an allele in a fl y population changes from 89% to 20% after three generations. Which other events most likely occurred during the same time period? A. an environmental change and a fly population increase B. an environmental change and a fly population decrease C. interbreeding of flies with an invasive species and fly population speciation D. interbreeding of flies with an established local species and fly population speciation

B An environmental change that did not favor the individuals in the population with the allele most likely led to the change in allele frequency; since the allele frequency decreased by so much, there would had to have been a decrease in the population within a three-generation period of time.

An inversion occurs along part of a chromosome . How does the inversion most likely affect the region in which it occurs? A . Recessive alleles in the region become dominant alleles . B . The information in the region is read differently during transcription . C . The coding sequence in the region disappears entirely from the cell . D . Multiple frameshift errors in the region are triggered after translation .

B An inversion occurs when a chromosomal segment is rotated and reinserted in the same location, which causes the region to be read differently .

Which statement is true for all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms? A. Both types of organisms transform energy from sunlight into chemical energy. B. Both types of organisms assemble proteins through transcription and translation. C. Both types of organisms are made of cells, tissues, and organs that work together. D. Both types of organisms have DNA contained within a nucleus as genetic material.

B Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms assemble proteins using transcription and translation involving RNA and ribosomes.

Which statement best describes a contribution that decomposers make to an ecosystem? A. They reduce the atomic mass of carbon atoms. B. They increase the recycling of carbon-containing molecules. C. They reduce the total number of carbon atoms in the atmosphere. D. They increase the total number of carbon nuclei within the atoms.

B Decomposers break down remains of once-living organisms, thereby releasing the carbon from those organisms back into the atmosphere during respiration.

The presence of a specific trait is genetically inherited. There are only two possible outcomes for this trait: an individual either inherits the trait or does not inherit the trait. Which statement best describes how parents influence this trait? A. Each parent contributes two genes for this trait. B. Each parent contributes one allele for this trait. C. Each parent contributes two chromosomes for this trait. D. Each parent contributes one nitrogenous base for this trait.

B Each parent contributes one allele for the trait; alleles are different forms of the same gene.

Which energy transfer most likely occurs between organisms in the food web? A. from owl to fox B. from rabbit to fox C. from sparrow to grass D. from mouse to grasshopper

B Energy is transferred from the rabbit to the fox when the fox consumes the rabbit.

A scientist determined that the average air temperature in an area increased during an observed period of time. The area included several small ponds. Which change to the water cycle most likely occurred in the area during the observed period of time? A. runoff decreased B. evaporation increased C. precipitation decreased D. condensation increased

B Evaporation most likely increased because the temperature increase caused an increase in the kinetic energy of the water molecules.

1. Some genes from the bacterium E. coli have sequences that are similar to genes found in humans. 2. In the 1940s, infections by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be treated successfully with penicillin. Today, populations exist that are completely resistant to natural penicillin. 3. Whales have tiny bones inside the rear portion of their bodies that are very similar to the bones found in vertebrate legs. 4. Human embryos have gill slits similar to those observed in fish embryos. Four pieces of evidence collected by scientists are listed. How did the scientists most likely use these pieces of evidence? A. to support the cell theory B. to support the theory of evolution C. to explain the process of DNA replication D. to explain the process of genetic mutations

B Genetic code, natural selection, and anatomical and embryological similarities are all evidence for the theory of evolution.

Which statement best describes how geographic isolation can contribute to land animal speciation? A . Geographic isolation physically separates populations but allows them to interact . B . Geographic isolation physically separates populations and prevents them from interacting . C . Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms but allows them to interact . D . Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms and prevents them from interacting .

B Geographic isolation involves a physical separation of populations that prevents their interaction

Which statement best describes how geographic isolation can contribute to land animal speciation? A. Geographic isolation physically separates populations but allows them to interact. B. Geographic isolation physically separates populations and prevents them from interacting. C. Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms but allows them to interact. D. Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms and prevents them from interacting.

B Geographic isolation involves a physical separation of populations that prevents their interaction.

In Pennsylvania, a nonnative plant called stiltgrass out-competes native plants in many forest ecosystems. Which statement best describes how the spread of stiltgrass negatively affects native herbivores? A. Stiltgrass stops the life cycles of native herbivores. B. Stiltgrass reduces the size of the native plant populations. C. Stiltgrass increases the flow of energy through the ecosystem. D. Stiltgrass attracts other nonnative plants to the forest ecosystem.

B Many nonnative species, like stiltgrass, lack natural enemies or pests and can tolerate a variety of habitat conditions, which enables them to outcompete native species.

Which condition would most likely result in an increase in the phenotypic variation within a population? A . The variety of food available in the habitat decreases . B . A mutation leads to individuals with genetic differences . C . Competition is reduced for all individuals during the winter . D . Climate remains unchanged in the population's ecosystem

B Mutations are the key source of genetic variation leading to phenotypic variation in a population

Which effect is most likely caused by nondisjunction during meiosis? A. an increase in nuclei B. an extra chromosome C. only two types of nitrogenous bases D. increased survival benefits from traits

B Nondisjunction means that a chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis, creating an imbalance in the number of chromosomes in daughter cells.

Why are nonnative species often considered a disturbance in an ecosystem? A. They increase mutations. B. They compete for resources. C. They have special growth needs. D. They cause increased biodiversity.

B Nonnative species compete with native species for resources, and the nonnative species often lack natural enemies or pests to help control their populations.

Some scientists believe that a gradual but steady atmospheric warming has led to changes in the reproductive rates of several moth and butterfly species in a region. These species are producing multiple generations in one year, rather than the single generation per year they have historically produced. Which statement describes the most likely impact of the additional generations on the ecosystem in this region? A. Insects will have less ability to develop genetic resistance to insecticides. B. Insect predator populations will increase due to increased availability of prey. C. Plants pollinated by insects will have less of a chance of producing offspring. D. Plant and animal diversity will increase as more insects are produced each year.

B The insect population will increase, which will make a food resource more readily available for predators and result in an increase in the predator population.

Which part of the apple flower produces cells by meiosis? A. style B. anther C. stigma D. filament

B The outcome of meiotic cellular division is haploid cells. The anther produces pollen, which are male reproductive cells formed by meiosis.

A student made an observation about a plant. Which statement is an observation that the student most likely made? A. Plants benefit from tilting their leaves toward the Sun. B. At 10 a.m. the plant's leaves were tilted toward the Sun. C. Plants that do not tilt their leaves toward the Sun will not survive. D. The tilting of plant leaves toward the Sun evolved over a long period of time.

B The student can use the sense of sight to see that the plant is tilted at a specific time.

Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans and has a salinity of about 3.5%. Which statement best explains why rain is fresh water and has a very low salinity? A. When water precipitates from oceans, most of the salt remains in the oceans. B. When water evaporates from oceans, most of the salt remains in the oceans. C. When water precipitates from clouds, most of the salt remains in the clouds. D. When water evaporates from clouds, most of the salt remains in the clouds.

B Water is matter that is recycled; liquid water changes to a gas (water vapor) by evaporating into the atmosphere. This water vapor condenses and eventually precipitates to Earth as fresh water, but most dissolved salts remain in the ocean.

A genetic mutation involving a single base causes an error that affects the sequence of the next 500 amino acids in a protein. Which type of mutation could have produced this type of error in the protein? A. silent B. nonsense C. frame-shift D. substitution

C A frame-shift mutation may involve the insertion or deletion of a single base, can shift the reading frame of the gene, and can produce many subsequent changes in amino acids.

A population of squirrels was separated during the formation of the Grand Canyon. Over time the squirrels, separated by the canyon walls and the Colorado River, became unique species. Which mechanism most likely caused the development of the new species? A. habitat preference B. increased gene flow C. geographic isolation D. behavioral isolation

C A physical barrier that separates a population and prevents individuals from mating with one another reduces gene flow, leading to speciation.

Which example describes a mutualistic relationship between organisms? A. Young wasps prey on caterpillars. B. Crabs eat the remains of dead fish. C. Ants protect a tree on which they feed. D. Tapeworms feed on food in the intestines of cats.

C Ants protecting the tree that provides them with food describes a mutualistic relationship in which both species benefit.

Many scientists have concluded that whales and dolphins have a more recent common ancestor than do whales and sharks . Which characteristic most likely allowed scientists to make this conclusion? A . species niche B . predation behavior C . anatomical structure D . geographical distribution

C Comparative anatomy has long been used to determine common ancestry among organisms .

A student studying the biosphere makes a list of biotic and abiotic characteristics of various biomes. Which characteristic is considered a biotic factor? A. dry, sandy, nutrient-poor soil in a desert B. less than 25 cm of precipitation in a desert C. evergreen trees present in a coniferous forest D. temperature range of -40 to 40°C in a grassland

C Evergreen trees are biotic components in a forest.

An aye-aye is a small nocturnal lemur that weighs about four pounds. This endangered species is found in Madagascar, a large island off the east coast of southern Africa. The main food for aye-ayes is larvae that live in wood. Aye-ayes find the larvae by tapping on tree branches. They also eat nuts and fruit. Aye-ayes spend most of their time alone. Each animal occupies about 15 acres and marks the territory, which alerts other aye-ayes of the boundary. For the aye-aye species, what is most likely the primary value of individuals living alone? A. decreased space needs for the species B. increased survival rates with habitat loss C. reduced competition for natural resources D. greater genetic variability within the species

C Individuals who live alone in a territory have the resources they need within their territory and are less likely to compete for resources such as shelter, food, and water.

Student Outcome of Meiosis Outcome of Mitosis 1 two haploid cells two diploid cells 2 two diploid cells four haploid cells 3 four haploid cells two diploid cells 4 four diploid cells four haploid cells Which student correctly compared the outcomes of meiosis and mitosis? A. student 1 B. student 2 C. student 3 D. student 4

C Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells, and mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.

Overuse of antibiotics has caused antibiotic resistance in some bacteria in a population. Which statement describes the most likely impact of natural selection on the bacterial population? A. Beneficial mutations have decreased, resulting in a larger population than normal. B. Only the genes for antibiotic resistance are now expressed, eliminating other genes. C. More antibiotic-resistant bacteria have survived, resulting in more offspring with this trait. D. The bacteria have become genetically isolated, resulting in decreased reproductive rates.

C Natural selection suggests that a beneficial trait, like antibiotic resistance, will allow bacteria with this trait to survive in greater numbers and pass on this trait to their offspring.

A scientist wants to make a change to a genetic code that will lead to the removal of one amino acid from the sequence of a protein. Which genetic material should the scientist remove? A. three genes B. three alleles C. three nucleotides D. three chromosomes

C Removing three nucleotides would remove one amino acid because a single amino acid is determined by a codon, and a codon is three adjacent nucleotides.

Tadpoles grown in ponds with high densities of tadpoles have lower survival and growth rates than tadpoles grown in ponds with lower densities of tadpoles . Which interaction between tadpoles grown in high-tadpole-density ponds would most likely cause the decreased survival and growth rates? A . symbiosis B . mutualism C . competition D . commensalism

C Tadpoles in low-density ponds have less competition for resources .

Tadpoles grown in ponds with high densities of tadpoles have lower survival and growth rates than tadpoles grown in ponds with lower densities of tadpoles. Which interaction between tadpoles grown in high-tadpole-density ponds would most likely cause the decreased survival and growth rates? A. symbiosis B. mutualism C. competition D. commensalism

C Tadpoles in low-density ponds have less competition for resources.

A student listed characteristics of a classroom aquarium ecosystem. Which characteristic is a biotic component of the aquarium ecosystem? A. The water temperature is 23°C. B. The pH of the water is usually between 6.5 and 6.8. C. The ammonia is controlled with a filter that uses two types of bacteria. D. The lighting is supplied by natural sunlight and a fluorescent light bulb.

C The bacteria in the filter are a biotic component of the ecosystem.

Genetic Event b b B B. b B b B The genetic event shown in the diagram can occur during meiosis. Which statement best describes this type of event? A. Gene sequences that are identical are replicated and added to the homologous chromosome. B. Sections of DNA between nonhomologous chromosomes are exchanged, decreasing genetic diversity. C. Segments of homologous chromosomes are exchanged, resulting in cells that will be genetically different. D. The traits from two sections of the same DNA strand are altered, resulting in the production of a new species.

C The chromosomes exchange segments during crossing-over, which results in recombinant chromosomes.

A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing? A. biotic factors in a forest B. biotic factors in a tundra C. abiotic factors in a prairie D. abiotic factors in an ocean

C The examples given are all abiotic components that can be used to describe a prairie ecosystem.

A male pistol shrimp with protective eye tissue pockets mates with a female shrimp without protective eye tissue pockets . All of the offspring have eye tissue pockets . Which statement is the most likely conclusion that can be made about the eye tissue pocket trait in pistol shrimp? A . It is a recessive, autosomal trait . B . It is a dominant, autosomal trait . C . It is a trait that results from multiple alleles . D . It is a trait that results from incomplete dominance

C The eye tissue pocket trait is dominant and will result in offspring with at least one allele for the trait .

A scientist observes that a certain trait is determined by a single allele. An organism inherited one version of the trait from one parent and another version from the other parent. Both versions of the trait are expressed in the phenotype of the offspring. Which pattern of inheritance best classifies the observed trait? A. dominance B. sex-linkage C. co-dominance D. incomplete dominance

C The pattern of inheritance is best described as co-dominance because both traits are fully expressed in the phenotype of the individual.

What must be transmitted to new DNA strands during replication to maintain genetic information? A. individual atoms from existing DNA strands B. individual sugars from existing DNA strands C. the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands D. the sequence of phosphates from existing DNA strands

C The sequence of bases from existing DNA strands serves as a template during replication and is necessary for conservation of genetic information in the new strand.

New technologies enable oils to be extracted from plants to make renewable biodiesel fuel. Scientists have altered the genome of a specific plant species to increase the amount of oil produced by each plant. Which statement explains why this technology most likely benefits farmers? A. It makes each plant more resistant to disease. B. It lowers the cost of each acre of plants cultivated. C. It increases the value of each acre of land cultivated. D. It eliminates the processing needed to extract plant oils.

C The value of each acre of cultivated land will increase as yield increases because selling the oil generates income.

Asian carp are an invasive species of fish. These large fish eat up to 40% of their body weight per day by feeding on phytoplankton. The carp also reproduce quickly. If these fish were to enter Lake Erie, how would the Presque Isle coastal ecosystem most likely be affected? A. Producers in the ecosystem would grow at a faster rate, and smaller fish such as yellow perch would thrive. B. The invasive fish would prey on mollusks such as mussels, but native fish species would quickly eat the invasive fish. C. Consumers in the higher trophic levels would suffer stress, but crustaceans such as amphipods would be unaffected. D. Most consumers in the ecosystem would face a shortage of food, and larger fish, such as walleye, would be unable to thrive.

D Asian carp would reduce the amount of phytoplankton available to primary consumers, causing secondary and tertiary consumers to have fewer available food resources.

A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

D Based on a dominant-recessive inheritance pattern, a cross between a homozygous dominant (RR) parent and a homozygous recessive (rr) parent would predict a result of 100% of offspring exhibiting the dominant trait.

Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. Meiosis is a multi-step process. B. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. C. Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism. D. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

D Cells produced through mitosis contain DNA identical to the parent cells, whereas meiosis produces cells that are haploid and often genetically different.

In order to study genetic mutations, scientists must study genetic material . Which statement describes the genetic material scientists are most likely studying? A . They study alleles that contain chromosomes, which are RNA . B . They study alleles that contain genes, which are chromosomes . C . They study chromosomes that contain DNA segments, which are RNA . D . They study chromosomes that contain genes, which are DNA segments .

D Chromosomes are made up of genes, and genes contain DNA segments .

A function of the Golgi apparatus is to package and process proteins. A. Cloning eliminates recessive alleles from a genome. B. Cloning transforms harmful traits into beneficial traits. C. Cloning corrects or replaces mutated gene sequences. D. Cloning results in offspring genetically identical to the parents.

D Cloning results in exact copies of genetic material, including offspring that are identical to their parents.

Oak treehoppers are parasites of trees. Which statement describes the relationship between an oak treehopper and a tree? A. Both the oak treehopper and the tree are harmed by one another. B. The oak treehopper benefits from the tree, while the tree is unaffected. C. The tree benefits from the oak treehopper, while the oak treehopper is unaffected. D. The oak treehopper benefits from the tree, while the tree is harmed by the oak treehopper

D In a parasitic relationship, one organism is harmed by another organism, the parasite, which benefits.

Which statement describes one difference between mitosis and meiosis in animal cells? A. Mitosis produces sex cells, and meiosis produces diploid cells. B. Mitosis produces haploid cells, and meiosis produces somatic cells. C. Mitosis produces four daughter cells, and meiosis produces two diploid cells. D. Mitosis produces two daughter cells, and meiosis produces four daughter cells.

D Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells; meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells.

A specific genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction. Which statement describes how the genetic disorder occurs? A. A problem with RNA replication leads to gametes with extra chromosomes. B. A problem with chromosome separation leads to gametes with damaged chromosomes. C. Incomplete DNA replication leads to gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes. D. Incomplete chromosome separation leads to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

D Nondisjunction occurs when the chromosomes fail to separate, and the resulting daughter cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes.

A researcher observes two species of frogs in the same area. Both species have a similar diet. One species breeds in fast-moving streams, while the other species breeds in ponds. Both species are similar in appearance and have very similar DNA. Which information provides the best evidence that these two species descended from a common ancestor? A. the species' similar diets B. the species' shared habitat C. the species' mating behaviors D. the species' physical characteristics

D Physical characteristics are directed by inherited information contained in DNA, which provides objective evidence for evolution from a common ancestor.

The bacterium Acetobacter aceti is found in acidic environments and has an acidic cytoplasm. For this reason, most of its proteins are able to function in acidic conditions. This property distinguishes Acetobacter aceti proteins from those of most other organisms. Which characteristic does Acetobacter aceti most likely share with other organisms? A. the method that the organism uses to reproduce itself B. the physical and chemical responses to environmental changes C. the type of organelle used t

D Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have ribosomes that synthesize proteins.

Which form of genetic engineering was used by humans for many years before the discovery of DNA? A. gene splicing B. gene insertion C. animal cloning D. selective breeding

D Selective breeding is based on the concept that offspring inherit traits from their parents. Selective breeding results in offspring with desired genetic traits. The knowledge of DNA as the genetic molecule of inheritance is unnecessary.

The Isthmus of Panama is a narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. It forms a land bridge that links North and South America. The formation of this isthmus separated two bodies of water that had previously been connected. How did the formation of this land bridge most likely influence the development of distinct marine species on either side of the land bridge? A. by decreasing genetic drift B. by causing a founder effect C. by increasing the rate of genetic mutation D. by preventing related populations from interacting

D Speciation often occurs when populations separate and are no longer able to interbreed due to physical barriers.

The genetic material of two different individuals of the same species is analyzed. One individual has brown eyes. The other has blue eyes. Which characteristic for eye color would be the same for both individuals? A. the allele B. the DNA sequence C. the amount of pigment D. the location of the gene

D The allele for eye color is located at the same position on any chromosome.

Which statement describes how the Yawunik most likely interacted with other organisms in its environment? A. It competed with producers for sunlight. B. It had a mutualistic relationship with phytoplankton. C. It lived symbiotically with most small aquatic organisms. D. It was a predator that obtained energy from other consumers.

D The evidence of teeth and claws to grip prey demonstrate that it was a predator that consumed other consumers and not plants.

A mutation present in a parent's genetic code impacts offspring. Which statement most likely describes the mutation? A. The mutation can be recognized and repaired by enzymes. B. The mutation is observed in the somatic cells of the parent. C. The mutation changes a base without changing an amino acid. D. The mutation alters the function of the protein made by the gene.

D The mutation changes the sequence of bases and prevents the protein from working properly.

Which statement is a hypothesis? A. The presence of an enzyme increased the reaction rate. B. The reaction rate increased 100% once the enzyme was introduced. C. Introducing an enzyme into a reaction did not increase the rate of the reaction. D. When an enzyme is introduced into a reaction the reaction rate will increase by 100%.

D This is a hypothesis, because the action can be observed and experimentally tested to support or disprove the statement.

Describe one possible effect that a nonnative species can have on a native ecosystem and explain why this effect might occur.

It could have a bad effect on New Zealand for many reasons. One is because it may eat foods that native animals eat thus taking the native animals food source and depleting that certain population. Another is that maybe they have a disease or something that the native animals aren't used to that may kill the native species off or at least endanger them.

A Trichoplax is a simple multicellular animal that lives in water. This animal can reproduce asexually by simply dividing into two organisms. Describe one benefit and one limitation of how the Trichoplax can reproduce by simply dividing.

One benefit is that it can reproduce by itself, increasing its population rapidly. A limitation is that there will be no genetic variation if each offspring is an exact copy of itself

A Trichoplax is a simple multicellular animal that lives in water. This animal can reproduce asexually by simply dividing into two organisms. Describe a cellular division process that could be used by Trichoplax when it reproduces asexually.

The cellular division process called binary division, starts with one organism. It then completely replicates itself, and then divides into 2 organisms, both of which are completely alike

Explain why the white tailed deer population is considered a nonnative species in New Zealand

The white tailed deer is nonnative to New Zealand because it originated in North America. It was then transported by ship to New Zealand. They weren't born there but they now reside there because we took them there