Biology Final Exam

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A chlorine atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?

35 amu

Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand, 5′-AGATCCG-3′?

3′-TCTAGGC-5′

The normal human karyotype contains ____ total chromosomes, consisting of ____ autosomes and ____ sex chromosomes.

46;22;2

Evolution is genetic change in ____ that occurs over time.

A population

What is commensalism?

A relationship between individuals of two species in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

Which statement best describes an atom?

A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance

Which statement describes a temperate virus?

A temperate virus does not always destroy its host.

Which is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive in its environment?

Adaptations

Which are evolutionary modifications that improve the survival and reproductive success of an organism?

Adaptations

Whose findings of evolution by natural selection were presented with those of Darwin?

Alfred wallace

____ are alternative forms of a gene that govern the same feature, such as eye color, and occupy corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes.

Alleles

Mendel's principle of segregation states that

Alleles separate from each other before forming gametes.

Respiration which does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor and is performed by some prokaryotes that live in anaerobic environments, such as waterlogged soil, stagnant ponds, and animal intestines is called _

Anaerobic respiration

Which of the following is produced by meiosis?

Animal gametes

Most protists are:

Aqautic

What facilitates the rapid transport of water through the plasma membrane?

Aquaporins

Who arranged organisms into a scale of nature and first stated that organisms changed toward the more complex and perfect?

Aristole

What process has been used to produce many of today's vegetables, such as broccoli, kohlrabi, and cauliflower, which are all derived from wild cabbage?

Artificial selection

At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?

Assembly

What is the smallest chemical unit that retains the characteristic properties of a given element?

Atom

Which of the following represents the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between one homozygous (BB) individual and one heterozygous (Bb) individual?

BB and Bb

Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?

Bacilli

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

Bacteria form endospores

What are the viruses that attack bacteria?

Bacteriophages

Prokaryotes divide using a process called________.

Binary fission

Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:

Binomial system of nomenclature.

Which is the study of past and present distributions of organisms on earth?

Biogeography

Protists have various means of locomotion; they move by all of the following means EXCEPT:

By mycelium

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

Capsid

Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs via the formation of a(n)

Cell plate

Which is the main structural component of the walls that surround plant cells?

Cellulose

Which of these absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum, reflecting green, and is the main pigment of photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

DNA is associated with certain proteins, forming a complex called:

Chromatin

During prophase, ____ is(are) compacted into visible chromosomes.

Chromatin

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of

Chromatin

A bacterial chromosome consists of a

Circular DNA molecule many times larger than the cell.

What is the series of reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2 and ATP is synthesized?

Citric acid cycle

Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called:

Cladograms

Which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive?

Class

Breeding a yellow dog with a brown dog produced puppies with both yellow and brown hairs intermixed. This is an example of

Codominance

Name the part of the cell outside the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

What type of molecule carries the hereditary information of an organism?

DNA

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

Diatoms

A heterozygous fruit fly with normal wings and a gray body (VvBb) is crossed with homozygous flies with vestigial wings and black bodies (vvbb). This type of cross is known as a

Dihybrid cross

A mating between individuals with different alleles at two loci is known as?

Dihybrid cross

Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?

Domain

A pear plant with the genotype Aa can produce gametes containing

Either A or a

_______________________ are isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Enantiomers

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the ____ and is usually covered with attached ribosomes.

Endoplasmic reticulum

What type of protein accelerates the thousands of different chemical reactions that take place in an organism?

Enzyme

Why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.

Which protist group possess a crystalline rod in their flagella?

Euglenoids

Nucleosomes are best described as

Eukaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins.

What cellular process is represented in the accompanying figure?

Exocytosis

In which of the following reactions is pyruvate degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA?

Formation of acetyl CoA

How many covalent bonds are formed by carbon atoms, producing a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes?

Four

How are fungi differentiated from plants?

Fungi are heterotrophic

In which group of islands Charles Darwin observed variation among organisms and compared these organisms to those found on the mainland?

Galapagos islands

What are units of hereditary information?

Genes

______________organized on chromosomes carry the information that controls the functions of the cell.

Genes

Scientists use the term ____________ to refer to the genetic makeup for that organism.

Genotype

Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?

Genus

Which of the following is sometime referred to as animal starch?

Glycogen

Which of the following is a series of reactions in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate and electrons are transferred to carriers?

Glycolysis

Proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?

Golgi complex

A group of thylakoid discs make up what part of the chloroplast?

Granum

Which of the following is a purine base found in nucleotides?

Guanine

Refer to the accompanying figure. Based on the phenotypes of the third generation, the genotype of the father in the second generation must be:

Heterozygous for albinism

Sugar dissolves readily in water because it is a(n) ____ substance.

Hydrophilic

In a lipid bilayer, __________ fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.

Hydrophobic

Which of the following refers to the expression of an intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals?

Incomplete dominance

The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of the ____ and M phases.

Interphase

When the net movement of water in and out a cell is zero, that solution is said to be

Isotonic

A transmembrane protein differs from other membrane proteins because

It completely extends through the membrane.

Which best describes a catabolic reaction?

It involves the breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks.

The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called

Its locus

If an allele is dominant, then

Its phenotype masks the expression of the recessive allele in a hybrid.

Who is responsible for the first concept regarding the passing on traits or characteristics that were acquired during the lifetime of an organism to its offspring?

Jean baptiste lamarck

As you climb a flight of stairs, what type of energy are your legs in motion using?

Kinetic energy

What are the two phases of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions

What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

Lysogenic

Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are similar to which animal cell organelle?

Lysosomes

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

Magnification

Color blindness is more common in males than in females because

Males only need to inherit the recessive maternal color blindness allele to be color blind.

Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. What is the specific epithet in this name?

Mays

Which two organelles are responsible for converting energy into forms that can be used by cells?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Mitochondrial matrix

The ____ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during the ____ of mitosis.

Mitotic spindle; anaphase

A liquid with a pH of 7 is considered a(n) ____ solution.

Neutral

Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of:

Neutrons only

The sperm in the figure below were most likely produced by:

Nondisjunction

A nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and

One of four nitrogeneous bases.

An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism's energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as a(n)

Open system

Specialized structures within a living cell are known as ___________.

Organelles

Which chemical process occurs in which a substance loses electrons?

Oxidation

Translocation occurs when:

Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

Which of the following are responsible for some very serious diseases, including Ebola hemorrhagic fever?

Pathogens

When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called:

Penetration

The physical appearance of an organism for a given trait is known as

Phenotype

What is the process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules?

Photosynthesis

When demonstrating incomplete dominance, mating a pure-bred pink rose plant with a pure-bred pink rose plant will produce

Plants with pink, red, and white roses

A cell is surrounded by which distinctive surface membrane?

Plasma membrane

The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to _________.

Polar covalent bonds

Which carbohydrate is the most structurally complex?

Polysacharide

All members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute a(n):

Population

You are out cycling and start to climb a hill. As you crest the hill, just before cycling down, what kind of energy have you stored?

Potential energy

The sex of a human is determined by the

Presence of a Y chromosome

Polyploidy is the:

Presence of multiple sets of chromosomes

In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of

Pyruvate

Cell division allows for all of the following except

Respiration

Which of the following are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase?

Retroviruses

Chromosomes are duplicated during the ____ of the cell cycle.

S phase

You light a scented candle in the guest bathroom. Within a few minutes, you can smell the candle's scent throughout the hallway. What process is occurring?

Simple diffusion

RNA is ____ and contains the nitrogenous base ____, which is absent in DNA.

Single stranded; uracil

What type of molecule can rapidly cross a plasma membrane?

Small, nonpolar

What is a chain of round bacteria called?

Streptococci

What is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called?

Stroma

The two molecules that alternate to form the backbone of a polynucleotide chain are

Sugar and phosphate

Mating an individual expressing a dominant phenotype, but whose genotype is unknown, with an individual expressing the corresponding recessive phenotype is an example of a(n)

Test cross

When is a cell in metaphase?

The chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell.

Which best describes the energy of activation?

The energy required to break existing bonds

Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

The interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation.

Karyotyping is useful for determining:

The number of chromosomes in an individual

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?

The sun

Which is a property of unsaturated fats?

They are generally liquid at room temperature.

Who originally published the idea that food supplies, which sustain animal populations, have the capacity to increase arithmetically?

Thomas malthus

Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with which part of the chloroplast?

Thylakoid membrane

During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?

To ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested

What is the purpose of a buffer?

To minimize the change in pH

RNA synthesis is also known as:

Transcription

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Transformation of energy

Down syndrome is an example of a ____ condition.

Trisomic

In rabbits, coat color is governed by four alleles: C for dark gray, Cch for chinchilla, Ch for Himalayan, and c for white. Each individual rabbit inherits a combined total of _____ coat color allele(s) from its parents.

Two

Which of the following fatty acids include one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond?

Unsaturated fatty acids

Upon observing a cell of a grass blade, you notice a prominent sac that occupies a large portion of the cell. Which organelle is this?

Vacuole

What is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host?

Virus

Which of the following cause disease and often death?:

Viruses that only have a lytic cycle

Which substance is a reactant in the following chemical equation? CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3

Water

The cells of female mammals, including humans, contain two __________.

X chromosomes

What is a distinct characteristic of asexual reproduction?

a cell splitting into identical halves

How can we identify a particular element?

by its number of protons

The primary purpose of homeostasis is to

maintain a constant internal environment

By definition, an organism that is eukaryotic

possesses a nucleus


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