Biology Final Exam
A chlorine atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?
35 amu
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand, 5′-AGATCCG-3′?
3′-TCTAGGC-5′
The normal human karyotype contains ____ total chromosomes, consisting of ____ autosomes and ____ sex chromosomes.
46;22;2
Evolution is genetic change in ____ that occurs over time.
A population
What is commensalism?
A relationship between individuals of two species in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm
Which statement best describes an atom?
A substance that cannot be broken into a simpler substance
Which statement describes a temperate virus?
A temperate virus does not always destroy its host.
Which is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive in its environment?
Adaptations
Which are evolutionary modifications that improve the survival and reproductive success of an organism?
Adaptations
Whose findings of evolution by natural selection were presented with those of Darwin?
Alfred wallace
____ are alternative forms of a gene that govern the same feature, such as eye color, and occupy corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes.
Alleles
Mendel's principle of segregation states that
Alleles separate from each other before forming gametes.
Respiration which does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor and is performed by some prokaryotes that live in anaerobic environments, such as waterlogged soil, stagnant ponds, and animal intestines is called _
Anaerobic respiration
Which of the following is produced by meiosis?
Animal gametes
Most protists are:
Aqautic
What facilitates the rapid transport of water through the plasma membrane?
Aquaporins
Who arranged organisms into a scale of nature and first stated that organisms changed toward the more complex and perfect?
Aristole
What process has been used to produce many of today's vegetables, such as broccoli, kohlrabi, and cauliflower, which are all derived from wild cabbage?
Artificial selection
At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?
Assembly
What is the smallest chemical unit that retains the characteristic properties of a given element?
Atom
Which of the following represents the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between one homozygous (BB) individual and one heterozygous (Bb) individual?
BB and Bb
Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?
Bacilli
How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?
Bacteria form endospores
What are the viruses that attack bacteria?
Bacteriophages
Prokaryotes divide using a process called________.
Binary fission
Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:
Binomial system of nomenclature.
Which is the study of past and present distributions of organisms on earth?
Biogeography
Protists have various means of locomotion; they move by all of the following means EXCEPT:
By mycelium
What is the protein coat of a virus called?
Capsid
Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs via the formation of a(n)
Cell plate
Which is the main structural component of the walls that surround plant cells?
Cellulose
Which of these absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum, reflecting green, and is the main pigment of photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
DNA is associated with certain proteins, forming a complex called:
Chromatin
During prophase, ____ is(are) compacted into visible chromosomes.
Chromatin
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of
Chromatin
A bacterial chromosome consists of a
Circular DNA molecule many times larger than the cell.
What is the series of reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is degraded to CO2 and ATP is synthesized?
Citric acid cycle
Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called:
Cladograms
Which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive?
Class
Breeding a yellow dog with a brown dog produced puppies with both yellow and brown hairs intermixed. This is an example of
Codominance
Name the part of the cell outside the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
What type of molecule carries the hereditary information of an organism?
DNA
Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?
Diatoms
A heterozygous fruit fly with normal wings and a gray body (VvBb) is crossed with homozygous flies with vestigial wings and black bodies (vvbb). This type of cross is known as a
Dihybrid cross
A mating between individuals with different alleles at two loci is known as?
Dihybrid cross
Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?
Domain
A pear plant with the genotype Aa can produce gametes containing
Either A or a
_______________________ are isomers that are mirror images of each other.
Enantiomers
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the ____ and is usually covered with attached ribosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum
What type of protein accelerates the thousands of different chemical reactions that take place in an organism?
Enzyme
Why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
Which protist group possess a crystalline rod in their flagella?
Euglenoids
Nucleosomes are best described as
Eukaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins.
What cellular process is represented in the accompanying figure?
Exocytosis
In which of the following reactions is pyruvate degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA?
Formation of acetyl CoA
How many covalent bonds are formed by carbon atoms, producing a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes?
Four
How are fungi differentiated from plants?
Fungi are heterotrophic
In which group of islands Charles Darwin observed variation among organisms and compared these organisms to those found on the mainland?
Galapagos islands
What are units of hereditary information?
Genes
______________organized on chromosomes carry the information that controls the functions of the cell.
Genes
Scientists use the term ____________ to refer to the genetic makeup for that organism.
Genotype
Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?
Genus
Which of the following is sometime referred to as animal starch?
Glycogen
Which of the following is a series of reactions in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate and electrons are transferred to carriers?
Glycolysis
Proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?
Golgi complex
A group of thylakoid discs make up what part of the chloroplast?
Granum
Which of the following is a purine base found in nucleotides?
Guanine
Refer to the accompanying figure. Based on the phenotypes of the third generation, the genotype of the father in the second generation must be:
Heterozygous for albinism
Sugar dissolves readily in water because it is a(n) ____ substance.
Hydrophilic
In a lipid bilayer, __________ fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.
Hydrophobic
Which of the following refers to the expression of an intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals?
Incomplete dominance
The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of the ____ and M phases.
Interphase
When the net movement of water in and out a cell is zero, that solution is said to be
Isotonic
A transmembrane protein differs from other membrane proteins because
It completely extends through the membrane.
Which best describes a catabolic reaction?
It involves the breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks.
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called
Its locus
If an allele is dominant, then
Its phenotype masks the expression of the recessive allele in a hybrid.
Who is responsible for the first concept regarding the passing on traits or characteristics that were acquired during the lifetime of an organism to its offspring?
Jean baptiste lamarck
As you climb a flight of stairs, what type of energy are your legs in motion using?
Kinetic energy
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions
What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?
Lysogenic
Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are similar to which animal cell organelle?
Lysosomes
The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:
Magnification
Color blindness is more common in males than in females because
Males only need to inherit the recessive maternal color blindness allele to be color blind.
Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. What is the specific epithet in this name?
Mays
Which two organelles are responsible for converting energy into forms that can be used by cells?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?
Mitochondrial matrix
The ____ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during the ____ of mitosis.
Mitotic spindle; anaphase
A liquid with a pH of 7 is considered a(n) ____ solution.
Neutral
Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of:
Neutrons only
The sperm in the figure below were most likely produced by:
Nondisjunction
A nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and
One of four nitrogeneous bases.
An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism's energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as a(n)
Open system
Specialized structures within a living cell are known as ___________.
Organelles
Which chemical process occurs in which a substance loses electrons?
Oxidation
Translocation occurs when:
Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
Which of the following are responsible for some very serious diseases, including Ebola hemorrhagic fever?
Pathogens
When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called:
Penetration
The physical appearance of an organism for a given trait is known as
Phenotype
What is the process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules?
Photosynthesis
When demonstrating incomplete dominance, mating a pure-bred pink rose plant with a pure-bred pink rose plant will produce
Plants with pink, red, and white roses
A cell is surrounded by which distinctive surface membrane?
Plasma membrane
The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to _________.
Polar covalent bonds
Which carbohydrate is the most structurally complex?
Polysacharide
All members of the same species occupying the same area at the same time constitute a(n):
Population
You are out cycling and start to climb a hill. As you crest the hill, just before cycling down, what kind of energy have you stored?
Potential energy
The sex of a human is determined by the
Presence of a Y chromosome
Polyploidy is the:
Presence of multiple sets of chromosomes
In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of
Pyruvate
Cell division allows for all of the following except
Respiration
Which of the following are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase?
Retroviruses
Chromosomes are duplicated during the ____ of the cell cycle.
S phase
You light a scented candle in the guest bathroom. Within a few minutes, you can smell the candle's scent throughout the hallway. What process is occurring?
Simple diffusion
RNA is ____ and contains the nitrogenous base ____, which is absent in DNA.
Single stranded; uracil
What type of molecule can rapidly cross a plasma membrane?
Small, nonpolar
What is a chain of round bacteria called?
Streptococci
What is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called?
Stroma
The two molecules that alternate to form the backbone of a polynucleotide chain are
Sugar and phosphate
Mating an individual expressing a dominant phenotype, but whose genotype is unknown, with an individual expressing the corresponding recessive phenotype is an example of a(n)
Test cross
When is a cell in metaphase?
The chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell.
Which best describes the energy of activation?
The energy required to break existing bonds
Which is a benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
The interaction of the genes from both parents allows genetic variation.
Karyotyping is useful for determining:
The number of chromosomes in an individual
What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?
The sun
Which is a property of unsaturated fats?
They are generally liquid at room temperature.
Who originally published the idea that food supplies, which sustain animal populations, have the capacity to increase arithmetically?
Thomas malthus
Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with which part of the chloroplast?
Thylakoid membrane
During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?
To ensure that the results observed in the experimental group is due to the variable being tested
What is the purpose of a buffer?
To minimize the change in pH
RNA synthesis is also known as:
Transcription
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Transformation of energy
Down syndrome is an example of a ____ condition.
Trisomic
In rabbits, coat color is governed by four alleles: C for dark gray, Cch for chinchilla, Ch for Himalayan, and c for white. Each individual rabbit inherits a combined total of _____ coat color allele(s) from its parents.
Two
Which of the following fatty acids include one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond?
Unsaturated fatty acids
Upon observing a cell of a grass blade, you notice a prominent sac that occupies a large portion of the cell. Which organelle is this?
Vacuole
What is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host?
Virus
Which of the following cause disease and often death?:
Viruses that only have a lytic cycle
Which substance is a reactant in the following chemical equation? CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3
Water
The cells of female mammals, including humans, contain two __________.
X chromosomes
What is a distinct characteristic of asexual reproduction?
a cell splitting into identical halves
How can we identify a particular element?
by its number of protons
The primary purpose of homeostasis is to
maintain a constant internal environment
By definition, an organism that is eukaryotic
possesses a nucleus