Biology Final Exam Study Guide

In a stretch of mRNA that contains 360 bases, how many codons would there be?

10

What is the expected phenotypic ration of a cross between two roan cows?

20% red, 50% roan, 25% white

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two pink four o'clock flowers?

25% red, 50 % pink, 25% white

One side of a DNA molecule has the sequence 5' GCCATGACT 3', which of the following indicates the complementary side that would be synthesized?

3' CGGTACTGA 5'

What ratio of phenotypes did Mendel observe in the F2 generation from crossing true-breeding plants?

3:1

3' A-G-T-T-C 5'. Which of the following sequences of RNA represents the result of transcription of the DNA above?

5' U-C-A-A-G 3'

The tRNA anticodon 3' - ACC - 5' will base pair with the codon ________ and will carry the amino acid __________.

5' UGG 3', Tryptophan

According to Mendelian genetics, what percentage of the resulting progeny do you expect to have the dominant phenotype when you cross a heterozygous individual (Aa) with a homozygous recessive individual (aa)?

50%

What is the percent probability that a heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male will have offspring with straight thumbs?

50%

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the process of evolution?

A population of intestinal bacteria become resistant to a commonly prescribed antibiotic over time.

What is the genotype for JK's parents?

AA and BB

Which of the following represent possible homozygous genotypes of a diploid cell?

AA, aa

According to Mendelian genetics, what phenotypic outcome do you expect in the progeny when you cross a homozygous dominant individual (AA) with a homozygous recessive individual (aa)?

All individuals will have the dominant phenotype

According to Mendelian genetics, what phenotypic outcome do you expect in the progeny when you cross a heterozygote (Aa) with a homozygous dominant individual (AA)?

All individuals will have the dominant phenotype.

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, information from _______ is transferred to ______ by the process of _________. The information then flows to _________ by the process of __________.

DNA, RNA, transcription, protein, translation

Transcription is the process of converting ____ to _____. Translation is the process of converting ______ to _______.

DNA, mRNA, mRNA, amino acids

For the following statements, mark whether each is CORRECT or INCORRECT. Gametes are formed via mitosis, When two gametes join (fertilization), the resulting cell is genetically identical to one of the gametes, Somatic cells do not play a part in sexual reproduction, Gametes are haploid cells

Incorrect, Incorrect, Correct, Correct

Transcription and translation are essential processes that all cells perform. How do these two processes differ from each other?

Transcription is the process of creating RNA using a DNA template, while translation is the process of creating a protein using an RNA template.

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation?

Replication of cells through mitosis

ATTGCAGTACAG. Provide the complementary RNA strand for the DNA strand listed in the prompt, all uppercase.

UAACGUCAUGUC

A is the ______ B is the _________ C is the _______ D is the ______

active site, enzyme-substrate complex, substrate, product(s)

A type A mother (AA) and a type A father (AO) will produce babies with ____________. A type O mother and a type B father (BO) will produce babies with ____________

all type A blood, type B and type O blood

What is the type of inheritance pattern described above? (Roan cow).

codominance

The thick fur coat provides _______. In order to minimize the heat loss to its environment, it also must possess _____ and ______.

insulation, short limbs, small ears

In eukaryotes, translation is to the ribosome as transcription is to the _______

nucleus

The ______ between the six embryos in the image above can be used as evidence for evolution because all six embryos share a(n) __________

similarities, common ancestor

A father with normal vision and a mother with normal vision can produce affected _________ if the mother has a _________ genotype.

sons, X^C X^c

The structure of an enzyme is critical to its function. The _______ of a reaction will bind within the enzyme's _______ to form the ________. Once bound, the enzyme will change its shape just slightly to fit more snugly around the ______. This process is called _________ and is similar to shaking someone's hand.

substrate, active site, enzyme-susbstrate complex, (NOT PRODUCT, unsure what correct answer is), induced fit

Transcription VS Translation. The template is DNA, the template is mRNA, the location in eukaryotes is the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, the end product is RNA, the end product is protein, the controlling enzyme is RNA polymerase, the controlling enzymes are ribosomes

transcription, translation, transcription, translation, transcription, translation, transcription, translation

What is the process by which a mRNA nucleotide is converted into an amino acid sequence?

translation

The anatomical structures of modern organisms provide evidence for evolution. Homologous structures are found in __________ organisms that ______________ structure, but have different functions. The structure of a cat's leg and a whale's flipper provide evidence that these two species evolved from a common ancestor. Analogous structures are found in _________ organisms. They ________ share a similar structure. Analogous structures ____________________. Whales and water boat insects, or a type of water bug, share analogous structures.

unrelated, share a similar, unrelated, do not, share similar functions

The bones indicated are an example of _____ because they do not ave a function in the organism and are evidence that an ancestor had these structures for a specific purpose. The bones of the forelimbs of bats and dolphins, however, are an example of __________ because even though the limbs are used for different purposes, the structures are similar and came from a common ancestor.

vestigial structures, homologous structures

Based on the color pattern seen above, what is the MOST likely inheritance pattern of this pigmentation? (red and white flower).

Codominance

During which phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle in a somatic cell as shown in the image above, does cellular growth and duplication of cytoplasmic organelles occur?

G1 and G2 phases

Which stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle make up interphase?

G1, G2, and S

Which phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle as shown in the image above, are part of interphase?

G1, S, G2 phases

Which of the following checkpoints ensures that the cell's DNA is free of mistakes and damage following DNA replication prior to entering mitosis?

G2 checkpoint

Given the description of homologous structures in the provided image, which of the following describes homologous structures? Select ALL that apply.

Have similar origins, Have different functions

Under which of the following conditions can protein become denatured?

High acidity or alkalinity, high salinity

Mitosis vs Meiosis. The daughter cells are haploid, the daughter cells that are produced are identical to the parent cell, crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs during this process, the daughter cells that are produced are identical to each other

Meiosis, Mitosis, Meiosis, Mitosis

Mitosis VS Meiosis. One Cell division, Two cell divisions, produces two diploid cells, crossing over occurs, produces four haploid cells, allows for an organism to grow

Mitosis, Meiosis, Mitosis, Meiosis, Meiosis, Mitosis

Mitosis Vs Meiosis. Produces diploid cells at the end of the cycle, produces four haploid cells at the end of the cycle, daughter cells contain identical DNA, chromosomes become attached, giving rise to recombinant DNA strands, two new daughter cells contain one homologous pair of chromosomes

Mitosis, meiosis, mitosis, meiosis, meiosis

What evolutionary process explains why polar bears are white to camouflage themselves against a snowy background?

Natural selection

When Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short one, all the first generation offspring were tall. He then allowed the first generation plants to self-fertilized to obtain second generation plants. The phenotypes of the second generation were both tall and short with a 3:1 ratio. Which of the following BEST describes the second gen plants?

One quarter of the plants were homozygous dominant, one half were heterozygous, and one-quarter of the plants were homozygous recessive.

Which of the following is NOT necessary for natural selection to occur?

Selective breeding by humans

Which of the following processes does NOT involve mitotic cell division?

Sexual reproduction

In an otherwise diploid organism, which cells are haploid?

Sperm, eggs

Which of the following does NOT occur in both mitosis and meiosis?

Splitting of homologous pairs of chromosomes

Which of the following occurs during interphase?

The cell is in a nondividing phase, the cell begins to grow and differentiate in function, the DNA begins to synthesize and replicate

What does it mean if a tetrapod limbs are homologous?

The similarities are inherited from a common ancestor

How do similarities between vertebrate embryos provide evidence of evolution?

The similarities between vertebrates indicate that these organisms share a similar developmental process based on that of their last common ancestor.