Biology Final Exam- Ward BSU
Secreted molecules diffuse to cell that secreted them. A. Endocrine signaling B. Neuroendocrine signaling C. Paracrine signaling D. Synaptic signaling E. Autocrine signaling
E. Autocrine signaling
Beetle mating displays show different spot patterns A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
E. Behavioral isolation
TRUE OR FALSE: Because exoskeletons do not grow, animals must periodically shed them.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Transitional fossils in the fossil record are not considered to be useful for understanding evolutionary history because they have characteristics associated with multiple modern taxonomic groups?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The wings of a bee and bar are a classic example of homologous structures that arose via convergent evolution?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Traits that arise through sexual selection cannot be detrimental to survival or they will be eliminated by natural selection?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: A female is born with all of the egg cells she will ever have in her lifetime.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Each human test bud contains receptors for all 5 tastes.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Homologous structures are shared by related species and have been inherited from a common ancestor?
True
TRUE OR FALSE: If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next?
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Lipid-soluble hormones pass readily through the plasma membrane and water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: More closely related species are likely to show more similarity in DNA sequences than more distantly related species?
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats in that they have fatty acid tails with no double bonds between carbon atoms.
True
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. aorta pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta and pulmonary arteries aorta and pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
An action potential moves along a(n) _____. myelin sheath axon dendrite synapse cell body
axon
Part B-Differentiating between arthropods The phylum Arthropoda includes four major lineages: cheliceriforms (also called chelicerates); myriapods; insects and their relatives (together called hexapods); and crustaceans. Drag each word or phrase to the appropriate bin: cheliceriforms, myriapods, insects, or crustaceans horseshoe crab exclusively terrestrial butterfly crabs and isopods primarily aquatic possess clawlike feeding appendages millipedes and centipedes wings allow flight arachnids two pairs of antennae 3 pairs of walking legs body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen
chelicerforms: horseshoe crab, arachnids, and possess clawlike feeding apendages myriapods: millipedes and centipedes; exclusively terrestrial insects: butterfly, wings allow flight, body divided into head; thorax; and abdomen, three pairs of walking legs crustaceans: primarily aquatic, crabs and isopods; two pairs of antennae
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
right atrium
Nervous tissue functions _____. as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens to physically move the body to sense stimuli to physically support the body in the absorption of nutrients
to sense stimuli
A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts. +50 +35 -55 -70 -80
-70
Name 2 ways that animals can reduce the costs of foraging: (Reduce searching time, reduce time catching prey, and reduce time handling prey)
1. Develop an eye for hidden objects/food 2. Go for the most obvious food sources
The 4 main types of tissue are:
1. Epithelial 2. Nervous 3. Connective 4. Muscular
Mammalian blood contains several types of cells and cell fragments. Name the 3 major kinds of cellular material found in the blood that we discussed? What are their respective functions?
1. Erythrocytes: RBC's; transport oxygen throughout the body 2. Leukocytes: WBC's; fight infection 3. Platelets: Prevent bleeding, aid in repair of blood (blood clotting)
Some animals go into long-term torpor to conserve energy in times of scarcity. What are the 2 forms of long-term torpor called? Under what environmental conditions is each likely to occur? BONUS: Give an example of an ogranism that undergoes each kind of torpor?
1. Estivation (Summer torpor): Hot/dry conditions; preserve fluid and avoid overheating; lizards in the dessert 2. Hibernation (winter torpor): Winter time; body temperature decreases to 1-2 degrees Celsius or even lower to slow down metabolism; bears do it because of lack of resources (fish are frozen under pond and berries are gone off of bushes)
The 4 classes of essential nutrients that must be obtained from the diet are:
1. Fatty Acids 2. Amino Acids 3. Minerals 4. Vitamins
Name 3 ways that antibodies can facilitate the destruction of, or neutralize, pathogens:
1. Neutralization: Surround/bind antigen and prevent it from infecting cells 2. Opsonization: Tag for destruction by macrophage 3. Agglutination: Capture a bunch of microbes and bind them together for destruction by macrophage 4. Precipitation: Similar to agglutination but with free antigens 5. Activation of Complement Proteins: Bind to antigen on a foreign cell, bind to complement proteins that cause a hole in the cell wall, water flows in causing the cell to burst.
The 4 defining characteristics that all chordates possess at some point of their life are:
1. Notochord 2. (Dorsal hollow) Nerve-cord 3. Pharygneal slits or clefts 4. (Post-anal) tail
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? A. 0.09 B. 0.49 C. 0.7 D. 9.0
A. 0.09
Part A- Identifying parts of a feedback system Thermoregulation in the body is accomplished by several feedback systems. The feedback system shown here uses vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the skin and extremities to regulate body temperature. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the feedback system below. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all: Response, Stimulus, and other blanks. Options: positive, body temperature increases, vasodilation, negative, vasoconstriction, homeostasis, and body temperature decreases
A (Response): Vasodilation B (Stimulus): Body temperature decreases C (Main part): Homeostasis D (Stimulus): Body temperature increases E (Response): Vasconstrcition F (Feedback): Negative
Part B- Germ layers, tissues, and body cavities Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate). Select the three statements that are true: In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the lining of the digestive tract. A diploblast has no mesoderm. An acoelomate triploblast has no endoderm. The digestive tract of a coelomate functions as a coelom. In a pseudocoelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the muscles. A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity.
A diploblast has no mesoderm a pseudoccoelomate has the same functions as a true coelom In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity
What is the defining feature shared by the members of the Ecdysozoa? A. A tough cuticle that is periodically molted B. Multiple sets of eyes C. Parasitic lifestyle D. They are all acoelomates
A. A tough cuticle that is periodically molted
A tissue is represented by... A. Closely associated similar cells adapted to carry out specific functions B. Closely associated different cells adapted to carry out a specific function C. Loosely associated similar cells adapted to carry out different functions D. Loosely associated different cells adapted to carry out different functions
A. Closely associated similar cells adapted to carry out specific functions
An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped A. Commensalism B. Parasitism C. Predation D. Mutualism E. Competition
A. Commensalism
Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species. Ecologists believe that cowbirds exhibit this behavior because... A. Cowbirds have evolved to exploit the fixed-action pattern of feeding of other species. B. Having been raised by those species, cowbirds identify with them more than their own species C. Cowbirds cannot build their own nests D. Cowbirds are jerks
A. Cowbirds have evolved to exploit the fixed-action pattern of feeding of other species.
Hagfish and Lampreys A. Cyclostomes B. Cnidaria C. Lophotrochozoa D. Chondrichthyes E. Porifera F. Actinopterygii
A. Cyclostomes
Secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body. A. Endocrine signaling B. Neuroendocrine signaling C. Paracrine signaling D. Synaptic signaling E. Autocrine signaling
A. Endocrine signaling
Associated with reasoning, planning, and decision making. A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe
A. Frontal lobe
Lampreys and hagfishes A. Have no jaws B. Have several sets of paired fins C. Are all marine D. Are all entirely parasitic
A. Have no jaws
Which of the following ions is most responsible for generating an action potential? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Cl- D. H+
A. Na+
The Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium tell us when a population is... A. Not evolving B. Increasing with each generation C. Migrating D. Decreasing with each generation
A. Not evolving
A group that includes an ancestor and some of its descendants A. Paraphyletic B. Monophyletic C. Polyphyletic
A. Paraphyletic
Mating between one male, multiple females A. Polygyny B. Monogamy C. Promiscuity D. Polyandry
A. Polygyny
A hypothesis is an... A. Proposed explanation B. Systematic thought process C. Observation D. Placebo
A. Proposed explanation
Many aspects of homeostasis are regulated by negative feedback systems. When a change in the level of a factor is detected (for example, internal body temperature), the net effect of a negative feedback system is to... A. Return the body to normal levels. B. Cause the body to operate more slowly until change is compensated for. C. Increase the rate of metabolism to mask the change. D. Shut down operation of the body system until the change passes.
A. Return the body to normal levels.
Mall bighorn sheep fight each other to determine which male will mate with females. They fight by charging each other, rearing up and clashing their horns together. The male with the bigger set of horns usually wins. From this description, you would expect male bighorn sheep to be affected by.... A. Sexual selection B. Mechanical isolating mechanisms C. Adaptive radiation D. Ecological gradualism
A. Sexual selection
What generally maintains the electric charge across the neuronal membrane? A. Sodium-potassium pump B. Action potential C. Negative ion pump D. Resting potential
A. Sodium-potassium pump
The 3 basic kinds of epithelial cell shapes are: A. Squamous, columnar, cuboidal B. Straitified, ciliated, pseudostratified C. Digestive, nervous, reprodcutive, respiratory D. Squamous, smooth, round, columnar
A. Squamous, columnar, cuboidal
Resources partitioning would be most likely to occur between .... A. Sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches. B. Sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator. C. Allopatric populations of the same animal species. D. Allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.
A. Sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.
Because there are no physical barriers separating the species, many biologists believe that speciation of plant-host-specific insects is thought to occur by.... A. Sympatric speciation B. Parapatric speciation C. Allopatric speciation D. Hybridization
A. Sympatric speciation
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A. Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction. B. Tetrapods can now function with just lungs C. Newborns are much less dependent on their parents D. Embryos are protected from predators
A. Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
The central nervous system includes... A. The brain and spinal cord B. Only the cerebrum and cerebellum C. All the sympathetic nerves D. All the parasympathetic nerves
A. The brain and spinal cord
Which of the following is not an example of a monophyletic taxon? A. The first fish species and are every living organism that looks like a fish. B. The first mammal species and all its descendants C. The first bird species and all its descendants D. All of the above
A. The first fish species and are every living organism that looks like a fish.
Afferent neurons A. Transmit impulses form the periphery of the body to the central nervous system B. Transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles C. Provide mechanical support to motor nuerons D. Contain dendrites but not axons
A. Transmit impulses form the periphery of the body to the central nervous system
Development of the zygote proceeds abnormally and the hybrid dies during embryonic development A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
A. Zygote inviability
Innate immunity .... A. is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens B. depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen C. is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen D. is found only in verterbrates
A. is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color? A. opsins B. electroreceptors C. pupil D. lens
A. opsins
An injury to the temporal lobe will likely impair the function of the ..... A. sense of hearing B. sense of sight C. sense of taste D. sense of touch
A. sense of hearing
Cardiac muscle cells are both... A. striated and interconnected by intercalated disks B. smooth and under voluntary control C. striated and under voluntary control D. smooth and under involuntary control
A. striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
Preparation for the flight-or-fight response activation of the ... nervous system A. sympathetic B. somatic C. central D. parasympathetic
A. sympathetic
Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of .... A. water crosses the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills B. blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its trachea C. air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins D. water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart
A. water crosses the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills
Which of the following statements about the stimulation of muscle cells is true? An action potential in a muscle cell ultimately results in the release of calcium ions into the cell. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse between two muscle cells. Acetylcholine opens channels that allow calcium ions into the muscle cell. Calcium ions bind the actin-myosin complex to start the muscle contraction process.
An action potential in a muscle cell ultimately results in the release of calcium ions into the cell.
Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body? Antigens. Lysozyme. Ear wax. Mucus.
Antigens
Part A- Comparing nematodes and arthropods Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply: The cuticle in nematodes lengthens as the animal grows. Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. Nematodes possess a closed circulatory system. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Both nematodes and arthropods have segmented body plans. Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. Nematodes are acoelomate, whereas arthropods are coelomate.
Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle.
Part A - Identifying body symmetry Which type of symmetry does each of the following animals display? Drag each picture to the appropriate bin: asymmetry, radial, or bilateral: Sponge Octopus Hydra Snake Jelly Bobcat Turtle
Asymetry: sponge radial symmetry: hydra & jelly bilateral symmetry: bobcat, turtle, snake, & octopus
Cartilage is found _____. surrounding organs such as the kidneys in the heart at the ends of bones such as the femur covering the surface of your body connecting one bone to another
At the end of bones such as the femur.
Where in the neuron do action potentials begin? Cell body. Axon hillock. Synapse. Dendrite.
Axon hillock
The symbols +. -. and 0 are used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes interactions in which individuals are not affected. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a lion pride and African wild dogs, if the dogs are found to typically avoid areas with lions? A. +/+ B. +/- C. 0/0 D. -/-
B. +/-
The large are of the small intestine aids in the absorption of nutrients. This large surface area is created due to... 1. Amylase cells 2. Intestinal folds 3. Microvilli 4. Villi on its inner surface 5. Dense networks of collagen fibers A. 1, 2, and 3 are correct B. 2, 3, and 4 are correct C. 1, 2, and 5 are correct D. 3, 4, and 5 are correct
B. 2, 3, and 4 are correct
What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? A. Single individuals can produce offspring. B. All the offspring are identical in a changing environment. C. No energy expenditure is required for mating and fertilization. D. Only mitosis is necessary for cell division.
B. All the offspring are identical in a changing environment.
Which statement best represents the meaning of the term evolution? A. Changes in species toward greater complexity over time B. Changes in heritable characteristics in a population over time C. The strongest individuals survive and produce the most offspring D. Changes in an individual over time in response to natural selection
B. Changes in heritable characteristics in a population over time
The flagellated collar cells that capture food particles in members of the group Porifera are known as... A. Spiracles. B. Choanocytes. C. Oscula. D. Feeding pores
B. Choanocytes
Jellyfish, hydras, corals A. Cyclostomes B. Cnidaria C. Lophotrochozoa D. Chondrichthyes E. Porifera F. Actinopterygii
B. Cnidaria
It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have .... A. Excellent hearing for detecting predators. B. Compound eyes with multiple ommatidia. C. Eyes with multiple fovea D. A camera-like eye with multiple fovea
B. Compound eyes with multiple ommatidia.
Which variable do we manipulate in an experiment? A. Dependent B. Independent
B. Dependent
Cnidarians are ..., meaning having 2 tissue layers. A. Diploid B. Diploblastic C. Diurnal D. Dipneustic
B. Diploblastic
The neural crest cells originate from the .... and migrate through the body to form the ..... A. Mesoderm, peripheral nervous system B. Ectoderm, peripheral nervous system C. Mesoderm, bones of the limbs D. Ectoderm, skin
B. Ectoderm, peripheral nervous system
The lining of the uterus is called the A. Ectothelium B. Endometrium C. Endothelium D. Mesoderm
B. Endometrium
The study of the natural history of animal behvaior is called A. Etiology B. Ethology C. Parapsychology D. Classical conditioning
B. Ethology
3 specialized morphological adaptations of birds to facilitate flight are... A. An extra ovary, feathers, and hollow bones B. Feathers, hollow bones, and loss of the urinary bladder C. Big eyes, an extra ovary, and amniotic egg D. Extended neck rotation, only one ovary, and loss of teeth
B. Feathers, hollow bones, and loss of the urinary bladder
A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was ... A. The appearance of Jaws B. Feet with digits C. The mineralization of the endoskeleton D. The amniotic egg
B. Feet with digits
During gastrulation the important even that occurs is the .... A. Blastocoel disappears and reforms in a different place B. Formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm C. Formation of the limb buds D. Formation of the neural tube
B. Formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
The water vascular system of echinoderms ... A. Functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells B. Functions in locomotion and feeding C. Is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical D. Is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms
B. Functions in locomotion and feeding
When an individual is first exposed to the smallpox virus, there is a delay of several days before significant numbers of specific antibody molecules and T cells are produced. However, a second exposure to the virus causes a large and rapid production of antibodies and T cells. This is an example of: A. Phagocytosis B. Immunological memory C. Inflammatory response D. Interferon production
B. Immunological memory
.... is the generalized bodily response to infections, and is accompanied by redness, swelling, and heat. A. Shock B. Inflammation C. DNA repair D. None of the above
B. Inflammation
After depolarization, the neural membrane potential is restored when.... A. Na ions rush out through the membrane B. K ions rush out through the membrane C. Cl ions rush in through the membrane D. The membrane becomes freely permeable to many ions
B. K ions rush out through the membrane
Genitalia of different insects are incompatible A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
B. Mechanical isolation
Coeiomates have a true body cavity, completely surrounded by ... tissue. A. Ectoderm B. Mesoderm C. Endoderm D. Exoderm
B. Mesoderm
Mating between one male, one female A. Polygyny B. Monogamy C. Promiscuity D. Polyandry
B. Monogamy
A group that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants A. Paraphyletic B. Monophyletic C. Polyphyletic
B. Monophyletic
Neurohormones diffuse from nerve endings into the bloodstream. A. Endocrine signaling B. Neuroendocrine signaling C. Paracrine signaling D. Synaptic signaling E. Autocrine signaling
B. Neuroendocrine signaling
In sexual reproduction there is the fusion of 2 gametes 1. these gametes are always supplied by the same parent 2. the resulting zygote represents a new genetic combination 3. each gamete supplies half of the genes 4. the gametes are genetically identical 5. the resulting individual is genetically identical to one parent, although it has genes from the other A. Only 1 is correct B. Only 2 and 3 are correct C. Only 3, 4, and 5 are correct D. All are correct
B. Only 2 and 3 are correct
An interaction in which 1 organism derives nourishment form another organism who is harmed in the process but not necessarily killed A. Commensalism B. Parasitism C. Predation D. Mutualism E. Competition
B. Parasitism
Associated with the perception and integration of sensory information. A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe
B. Parietal lobe
Natural selection operates on the .... of an idividual organism. A. Environment B. Phenotype C. Survival D. Genotype
B. Phenotype
Antibodies are produced by... A. Helper T cells B. Plasma cells C. Dendritic cells D. Eosinophils
B. Plasma cells
Genetic drift is.... A. Changes due to interbreeding with other species populations. B. Random changes in the gene frequency of a population. C. Generational fluctuations in gene frequencies that produce no effect. D. The effect of mutations as they spread through neighboring populations.
B. Random changes in the gene frequency of a population.
The contractile unit of a myofibril is called a .... A. Z line B. Sarcomere C. Troponin complex D. Myosin filiment
B. Sarcomere
The myelin sheath that surrounds some axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by .... A. Neurons B. Schwann cells C. Bacteria that have invaded the nervous system D. None of the above
B. Schwann cells
The main body parts common to all mollusks are ... A. The foot, the radula, and the mantle. B. The foot, the mantle, and the visceral mass. C. The visceral mass, the radula, and the shell. D. The visceral mass, the radula, and the mantle.
B. The foot, the mantle, and the visceral mass.
Embryonic endoderm gives rise to A. Bone B. The lining of the digestive tract C. Muscle D. Skin
B. The lining of the digestive tract
Which of the following describes the resting potential of the neuronal cell membrane? A. The inside is 70 mV more postive than the outside B. The outside is 70 mV more positive than the inside C. The inside is 55 mV more positive than the outside D. At rest, the charges are the same on either side of the membrane
B. The outside is 70 mV more positive than the inside
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary? A. The pituitary is not physically connected to the hypothalamus. B. The pituitary is regulated by the hypothalamus. C. The hypothalamus stores and releases hormones made by the pituitary. D. Hormones of the hypothalamus enter the pituitary through the lymph system.
B. The pituitary is regulated by the hypothalamus.
Females are usually choosier than males with respect to mates because... A. They typically have more offspring than do males B. They typically invest more energy per offspring than do males C. Males are more variable, so females have more to choose from D. Females pass more genes on to their offspring than males
B. They typically invest more energy per offspring than do males
When an axon potential arrives at the axon terminal, signals are propagated to the next neuron through.... A. Release of sodium into the synaptic cleft B. Vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the cleft C. Repolarization of the presynaptic membrane D. Open channels on the dendrites of the next beuron that allow potassium to leak in
B. Vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the cleft
Which of the following is a difference between vitamins and minerals? A. Vitamins are involved in regulating enzyme activity, but minerals are not. B. Vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules C. Minerals are obtained by an animal through dietary sources, but vitamins are made by the animal. D. Vitamins and minerals are only obtained by digesting plants.
B. Vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ... A. an open circulatory system B. a closed circulatory system C. a gastrovascular system D. branched trachea
B. a closed circulatory system
Unlike eutherians, BOTH monotremes are marsupials .... A. lack nipples B. have some embryonic development outside the uterus C. lay eggs D. are found in Antartica
B. have some embryonic development outside the uterus
Which of the following represents the correct flow air into the lung of a mammal? A. trachea --> bronchioles --> bronchi --> alveoli B. larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli C. trachea --> tracheoles --> bronchi --> alveoli D. alveoli --> tracheoles --> bronchi --> trachea
B. larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the ... A. gustatory complex B. olfactory bulb C. occipital lobe D. posterior pituitary gland
B. olfactory bulb
Which is the correct Hardy-Weinberg Equation? A. 2p + 2q=1 B. p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1 C. p^2 + q^2=1 D. 2p + pq^2 + 2q=1
B. p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1
The deuterostomes are characterized by .... and .... cleavage. A. radial, determinate B. radial, indeterminate C.Spiral, determinate D. Spiral, indeterminate
B. radial, indeterminate
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by .... A. cardiac muscle B. smooth muscle C. striated muscle D. skeletal muscle
B. smooth muscle
Circulatory systems compensate for .... A. temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue B. the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances C. the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system D. the need to cushion animals from trauma
B. the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
Describe the difference between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry and give an example of each:
Batesian mimicry: Non-toxic species mimics a toxic species, snake showing off the same colors as a poisonous snake, when it is not poisonous Mullerian mimicry: 2 or more noxious animals develop similar appearances, bee/wasp, multiple poisonous snakes
Part B- Phylogeny of chordates The phylogenetic tree shown here displays the major clades of chordates. Which statements about the phylogenetic tree are true? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Hagfishes, lungfishes, and frogs have lobed fins. Organism (c) is a common ancestor of lampreys and lungfishes. Lancelets and coelacanths are more closely related than are chimaeras and coelacanths. Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws. Rays and frogs have vertebrae. Descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits. Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks. Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates.
Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws. Rays and frogs have vertebrae. Descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits. Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks. Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates.
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. Bone Blood Adipose tissue Muscle tissue Cartilage
Blood
Place the events and structures associated with hearing in the following order: 1. The malleous rocks, transmitting its movement o the incus, which transmits its movement to the stapes 2. The tympanic membrane vibrates 3. The oval window vibrates 4. Impulse is sent via nerve to the brain 5. Sound waves pass through the external auditory canal 6. Waves are set up in the fluid of the cochlea 7. Hair cells of the organ of corti are moved 8. Neurons at the base of the hair cells are stimulated. A. 3, 1, 4, 7, 2, 6, 8, 5 B. 6, 3, 4, 1, 8, 7, 2, 5 C. 5, 2, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 4 D. 4, 1, 3, 7, 2, 8, 5, 6
C. 5, 2, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 4
Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results form a proximate cause? A. A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition B. A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social positions C. A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight its decreasing slightly each day D. A goose squats an freezes motionless to escape a predator
C. A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight its decreasing slightly each day
With innate behavior, what triggers a fixed-action pattern? A. A circadian rhythm. B. An environmental stimulus. C. A sign stimulus. D. Positive reinforcement
C. A sign stimulus.
Altruistic acts are more likely to evolve into behavior patterns when the participants A. Are capable of learning B. Have individual fitness C. Are genetically related D. Are largely nonsocial
C. Are genetically related
Because of the fluctuations in the environment, such as depletion in food supply or an outbreak of disease, a population may periodically experience a rapid and marked decrease in the number of individuals. When this occurs, genetic drift can occur in the few remaining survivors, a process referred to as... A. Founder effect B. Migration C. Bottleneck effect D. Natural selection
C. Bottleneck effect
Tinbergan's 4 questions consider Animal Behavior from the perspectives of.... A. Causation, Germination, Development, Evolution B. Development, Evolution, Function, Sociality C. Causation, Development, Evolution, Function D. Evolution, Germination, Sociality, Function
C. Causation, Development, Evolution, Function
2 fish species spawn at different depths of a lake A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
C. Ecological (habitat) isolation
Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable. II. It is falsifiable. III. It produces quantitative data. IV: It produces results that can be replicated. A. I only B. III only C. I and II D. III and IV
C. I and II
Animals that have external fertilization would be most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas? A. Sand dune B. Polar ice sheet C. Lake D. Tallgrass prairie
C. Lake
Flatworms, Molluscs, annelids A. Cyclostomes B. Cnidaria C. Lophotrochozoa D. Chondrichthyes E. Porifera F. Actinopterygii
C. Lophotrochozoa
Which of the following is not considered to be an endocrine gland? A. Thyroid B. Testes C. Lung D. Pancreas
C. Lung
Neural control of breathing is in the... A. Cerebellum B. Diaphragm C. Medulla D. Spinal Cord
C. Medulla
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? A. Dense fibrous B. Blood C. Muscle D. Cartilage
C. Muscle
Sharks that are .... incubate their eggs in the uterus until hatching but do not nourish the young A. Oviparous B. Viviparous C. Ovoviviparous D. Placental
C. Ovoviviparous
Secreted molecules diffuse locally to target cell nearby. A. Endocrine signaling B. Neuroendocrine signaling C. Paracrine signaling D. Synaptic signaling E. Autocrine signaling
C. Paracrine signaling
A major enzyme that is active in the stomach is... A. Chyme B. Mucus C. Pepsin D. Trypsin
C. Pepsin
A group that does not include the most recent common ancestor A. Paraphyletic B. Monophyletic C. Polyphyletic
C. Polyphyletic
An interaction in which one species kills and eats the other A. Commensalism B. Parasitism C. Predation D. Mutualism E. Competition
C. Predation
Both males and females mates multiply, sometimes at random A. Polygyny B. Monogamy C. Promiscuity D. Polyandry
C. Promiscuity
Genetic drift is most powerful in.... A. Stable environments B. Changing environments C. Small populations D. Large populations
C. Small populations
Associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli. A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe
C. Temporal lobe
Six platyfish with different tail spottings live in Eastern Mexico. Five of them can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. One of them cannot interbreed with the other five. What can you conclude about these platyfish? A. They all belong to the same biological species. B. They are each a different biological species. C. There are 2 biological species in the example above. D. There is not enough data to make a conclusion.
C. There are 2 biological species in the example above.
An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the .... A. annelids, including earthworms B. insects, including beetles C. cartilaginous fishes, including sharks D. bivalves, including clams
C. cartilaginous fishes, including sharks
Three-spined stickleback fish show substantial heritable variation in gill-raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallow-water prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake (open water in the middle and shallow water around the sides) with a high density of these fish? A. directional selection B. stabilizing selection C. disruptive selection D. sexual selection
C. disruptive selection
Arrange these groups in order from the most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific) A. osteichthyans, gnathostomes, lobe-fins, tetrapods, amphibians B. osteichthyans, gnathostomes, amphibians, tetrapods, lobe-fins C. gnathostomes, osteichthyans, lobe-fins, tetrapods, amphibians D. gnathostomes, osteichthyans, tetrapods, lobe-fins, amphibians
C. gnathostomes, osteichthyans, lobe-fins, tetrapods, amphibians
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types? Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins. Connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses. There are three types of connective tissue. Connective tissue is found lining body surfaces.
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
In a mammalian visual system, visual information is integrated/processed at.... 1. the lens 2. the retina 3. the optic nerve 4. the visual cortex A. 1 and 2 B. only 2 C. 2, 3, and 4 D. 2 and 4
D. 2 and 4
The principle of competitive exclusion states that A. Competition between 2 species always causes extinction of 1 species B. 2 species will stop reproducing until 1 species leaves the habitat C. 2 species cannot coexist in the same habitat D. 2 species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community
D. 2 species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community
Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber? 1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. 2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane. A. 1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4 --> 5 B. 2 --> 1 --> 3 --> 5 --> 4 C. 2 --> 3 --> 4 --> 1 --> 5 D. 5 --> 3 --> 2 --> 1 --> 4
D. 5 --> 3 --> 2 --> 1 --> 4
Adaptations are traits that enhance an organism's ability to survive in a particular environment. They may be... A. Behavioral B. Physiological C. Structural D. A, B, and C are correct
D. A, B, and C are correct
Gastropods include... A. Snails B. Slugs C. Nudibranchs D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following causes changes in allele frequencies? A. Genetic drift B. Mutation C. Natural selection D. All of the above
D. All of the above
How are 2 different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? A. Sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behvaior B. Sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding C. Allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding D. Allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into 2 populations
D. Allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into 2 populations.
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis? A. An individual may change its sex during its lifetime. B. Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals. C. An organism is first a male and then a female. D. An egg develops without being fertilized.
D. An egg develops without being fertilized.
The biological classification system used today for the naming of species is referred to as.... A. Dichotomous nomenclature B. Dichotomous keys C. Binomial taxonomy D. Binomial nomenclature
D. Binomial nomenclature
The anterior and posterior parts of the neural tube will eventually become the ..., and ..., respectively A. Eyes, ears B. Head, limbs C. Frontbrain, hindbrain D. Brain, spinal cord
D. Brain, spinal cord
Sharks, rays, and relatives A. Cyclostomes B. Cnidaria C. Lophotrochozoa D. Chondrichthyes E. Porifera F. Actinopterygii
D. Chondrichthyes
In Cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in particular cells located on the tentacles. These cells are called..... A. Cnidocils B. Pseudopodia C. Nerve nets D. Cnidocytes
D. Cnidocytes
Asexual reproduction can be accomplished by all of the following except A. Budding B. Parthenogenesis C. Fragmentation D. Cohesive fertilization
D. Cohesive fertilization
Which of the following is not one of the first lines of defense against invading pathogens? A. Skin B. Mucus secretions C. Low pH in stomach D. Cytotoxic T cells
D. Cytotoxic T cells
The Dunkers are a religious group that moved from Germany to Pennsylvania in the mid-1700's. They do not marry with members outside of their own immediate community. Today, the Dunkers are genetically unique and differ in gene frequencies, at many loci, from all other populations including their original homeland. Which of the following likely explains the genetic uniqueness of this population? A. Sexual selection and interbreeding depression B. Heterozygote advantage and stabilizing selection C. Population bottleneck and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium D. Founder effect and genetic drift
D. Founder effect and genetic drift
Offspring of 2 newts are sterile A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
D. Hybrid sterility
In amoebas, psuedopods are used for: A. Nothing B. Excretion C. Digestion D. Movement
D. Movement
Many poisonous snake species share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of... A. Batesian mimicry B. Mutualism C. Camoflauge D. Mullerian mimicry
D. Mullerian mimicry
An interaction that benefits both species A. Commensalism B. Parasitism C. Predation D. Mutualism E. Competition
D. Mutualism
One of the first embryonic organ systems to begin development is the A. Circulatory system B. Excretory system C. Visual system D. Nervous system
D. Nervous system
Associated with visual processing. A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe
D. Occipital lobe
Mating between one famle, several males A. Polygyny B. Monogamy C. Promiscuity D. Polyandry
D. Polyandry
Saliva performs all of the following functions, except to... A. Moisten the food B. Lubricate the food C. Start the enzymatic digestion of starch D. Start the enzymatic digestion of lipids
D. Start the enzymatic digestion of lipids
Select the best reason that an abundance of elastin fibers is found in the walls of arteries A. Abrasion B. Protection C. Strength D. Stretch
D. Stretch
Neurotransmitters diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells (neurons, muscles, glands). A. Endocrine signaling B. Neuroendocrine signaling C. Paracrine signaling D. Synaptic signaling E. Autocrine signaling
D. Synaptic signaling
What would be an advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature? A. The animal's internal temperature would remain constant, even though the external temperature had changed. B. The animal's internal temperature would change the opposite to the change in the external temperature. C. The animal would spend more time looking for food. D. The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature.
D. The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature.
A ball-and-socket joint connects .... A. The radius to the ulna B. The radius to the humerus C. The ulna to the humerus D. The humerus to the scapula
D. The humerus to the scapula
A major difference between the tracheal tubes of insects and the lungs of vertebrates is that A. Tracheal tubes deliver oxygen to the blood where it travels throughout the body in nucleated blood cells B. Tracheal tubes deliver oxygen to the blood where it travels throughout the body dissolved in plasma C. Tracheal tubes are only found in aquatic insects D. Tracheal tubes deliver gas directly to cells
D. Tracheal tubes deliver gas directly to cells
Which of the following ideas is NOT part of Darwin's concept of evolution? A. A population is capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support. B. Those individuals that are best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. C. A struggle for existence exists among individuals of a population. D. Traits acquired during an individual's life are passed on to its offspring.
D. Traits acquired during an individual's life are passed on to its offspring.
Which of the following sensory receptors is INCORRECTLY paired with its category? A. hair cell--> mechanoreceptor B. snake pit organ--> thermoreceptor C. taste receptor--> chemoreceptor D. olfactory receptor--> electromagnetic receptor
D. olfactory receptor--> electromagnetic receptor
The capture of light energy in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by ..... A. ganglion cells B. amacrine cells C. bipolar cells D. rods and cones
D. rods and cones
Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty... A. coordinating limb movement B. generating speech C. recognizing faces D. understanding language
D. understanding language
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in mammals? A. left ventricle --> aorta --> lungs --> systemic circulation B. vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary vein C. pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> pulmonary circuit D. vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery
D. vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery
Part A- Scientific evidence supporting evolution Scientific evidence documents the pattern of evolution. The evidence exists in a variety of categories, including direct observation of evolutionary change, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography. Sort the following examples into the correct categories. Development of drug resistance in bacteria Discovery of transitional forms of horses Discovery of shells of extinct species Vestigial pelvis in right whales Same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants Similarities in mammalian forelimbs The high concentration of marsupial species in Australia Similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species
Direct observation of evolutionary change: development of drug resistance in bacteria Fossil record: discovery of transitional forms of horses & discovery of shells of extinct species Homology: vestigial pelvis in right whales, same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants, & similarities in mammalian forelimbs Biogeography: the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia & similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species
Name 2 drawbacks of the biological species concept
Doesn't work for asexual species. Doesn't work for paleontologist. Lots of species hybridize!
An interaction in which 2 species vie for the same particular resource that affects survival and reproduction A. Commensalism B. Parasitism C. Predation D. Mutualism E. Competition
E. Competition
Sponges A. Cyclostomes B. Cnidaria C. Lophotrochozoa D. Chondrichthyes E. Porifera F. Actinopterygii
E. Porifera
Ray-finned Fishes A. Cyclostomes B. Cnidaria C. Lophotrochozoa D. Chondrichthyes E. Porifera F. Actinopterygii
F. Actinopterygii
A coral's sperm cannot fertilize another species egg A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
F. Gametic isolation
TRUE OR FALSE: 2 species of hummingbirds do not respond to each other's mating calls. This is an example of postzygotic reproductive isolation?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: A bright red robin attracting the most females due to its vibrant feathers is an example of intrasexual selection?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Disease-causing agents are known as macrophages.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Fertilization and implantation of the egg happen in the uterus.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: In positive-pressure breathing, contraction of the rib muscles and diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity and draws air into the lungs.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscles work antagonistically; one pulls and the other pushes.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Only T cells retain immunological memory.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: People with sickle cell disease produce hemoglobin proteins that are normal in shape and appearance but can only one oxygen molecule.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Selection occurring when one extreme of a population phenotype is favored is called disruptive selection?
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The 2 types of adaptive immunity are humoral immunity, or immunity provided by the action of T cells, and cell-mediated immunity, or immunity provided by plasma cells.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The central nervous system develops primarily from the mesoderm.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The stomach is so well protected against its own acid and enzymes by a thick mucus layer that it has a very slow rate of cell replacement.
False
True or false? Action potentials travel in only one direction down an axon because potassium channels in the neuron are refractory and cannot be activated for a short time after they open and close.
False
True or false? Myofibrils are the alternating light-dark units that produce the banded appearance of muscle fibers.
False
True or false? The leukocytes of the innate immune system are B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils.
False
Birds are active during different times of the day. A. Zygote inviability B. Mechanical isolation C. Ecological (habitat) isolation D. Hybrid sterility E. Behavioral isolation F. Gametic isolation G. Temporal isolation
G. Temporal isolation
Which of the following terms describes how a neuronal membrane's potential is altered in the presence of inhibitory signals? Polarization. Repolarization. Depolarization. Hyperpolarization.
Hyperpolarization
Part C - Regulation of muscle contraction by Ca2+, troponin, and tropomyosin In a relaxed muscle, the myosin heads of the sarcomeres' thick filaments are extended and ready to bind to the actin strands of the thin filaments. But this binding does not occur until an action potential is triggered in the muscle cell. An action potential results in the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol of the muscle cell. As the concentration of Ca2+ rises in the cytosol, so does the concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcomeres. In response to changes in the Ca2+ concentration in the sarcomeres, two protein components of the thin filaments, troponin and tropomyosin, control access to actin's myosin-binding sites. In this way, Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol and sarcomeres regulates muscle contraction. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the relationship between Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol and the response in the sarcomere? Select all that apply: Decreasing Ca2+ concentration promotes interactions between actin and myosin. Increasing Ca2+ concentration causes troponin to bind to tropomyosin. Increasing Ca2+ concentration causes troponin and tropomyosin to bind to actin. Increasing Ca2+ concentration causes movement of tropomyosin, exposing myosin-binding sites on actin. Decreasing Ca2+ concentration causes dissociation of Ca2+ from troponin.
Increasing Ca2+ concentration causes movement of tropomyosin, exposing myosin-binding sites on actin. Decreasing Ca2+ concentration causes dissociation of Ca2+ from troponin.
Part A - Comparing inhalation and exhalation Inhalation and exhalation move air into and out of the lungs. What happens when you inhale and exhale? Drag the labels to the correct locations on the flowchart to identify the steps of inhalation and exhalation. Diaphragm and rib muscles relax Air moves into nose and down trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles Air moves up bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea O2 diffuses into blood; CO2 diffuses into alveoli Air leaves nose of mouth Air enters alveoli Air moves out of alveoli Lung volume increases Diaphragm and rib muscles contract Lung volume decreases
Inhalation: 1. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract 2. Lung volume increases 3. Air moves into nose and down trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles 4. Air enters alveoli 5. O2 diffuses into blood; CO2 diffuses into alveoli Exhalation: 6. Diaphragm and rib muscles relax 7. Lung volume decreases 8. Air moves out of alveoli 9. Air moves up bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea 10. Air leaves nose of mouth
Homeostatic regulation of blood glucose by the endocrine system. Name the hormones that lower and raise blood glucose levels. From which organ are these hormones secreted and on which organ do they act?
Insulin-raise Glucagon-lower Pancreas-secretes Liver-acts on
How does cardiac muscle differ from the other types of muscle? It contains multinucleated cells. It is organized into thin sheets. It contains unbranched cells. It contains branched cells.
It contains branched cells
Which of these describes loose connective tissue? It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. It is composed of many fibers that connect bone to bone and muscle to bone. It is a rigid material that provides structural support. It transports nutrients and gases from one part of the body to another. It plays a role in padding, insulation, and energy storage.
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens? Leukocytes recognize the secretions from a pathogen. Leukocytes recognize the entire pathogen. Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens. Antibodies bind to the pathogens.
Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.
Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen? Macrophages. Mast cells. Cytokines. Platelets.
Macrophages
Which structure is not part of a neuron? Cell body. Myelin sheath. Axons. Dendrite.
Myelin sheath
Which molecules form the thick filaments of sarcomeres? Actin Myofibrils. T tubules. Myosin.
Myosin
Which of the following interactions is the molecular basis of muscle contraction? Myosin and thin filaments. Myosin and thick filaments. Troponin and tropomyosin. Sarcomeres and T tubules.
Myosin and thin filaments
Part B- Natural selection in monkey flowers Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait. The map below shows the area near an old copper mine, which contaminated the nearby soil with copper. A stream flows past the mine toward the lake at the bottom right of the map. Select the 3 statements that are TRUE: Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants. Copper-tolerant plants are found only in contaminated soils. Copper contamination in the soil created copper-tolerant plants. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant. Natural selection favors copper tolerance in all soils near the old mine, not only in the contaminated soils.
Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant.
Part B- Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide Gas exchange involves the transport of two respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Review how each gas is transported between the atmosphere and the cells of your body by completing this exercise. Drag each statement into the appropriate bin depending on whether it applies to oxygen only, carbon dioxide only, or both oxygen and carbon dioxide. required for cellular respiration net diffusion form body tissues to blood net diffusion from lung capillaries to alveoli enters alveoli during inhalation waste product of cellular respiration transported by hemoglobin net diffusion form alveoli to lung capillaries sometimes transported as bicarbonate
Oxygen Only: required for cellular respiration and net diffusion from alveoli to lung capillaries Carbon Dioxide Only: Net diffusion from body tissues to blood, waste product of cellular respiration, sometimes trasnported as bicarbonate, and net diffusion from lung capillaries to alveoli Both Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: enters alveoli during inhalation and transported by hemoglobin
Which of the following events occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred? Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. Mast cells secrete chemical messengers to regulate blood flow to the wound. Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane. Neutrophils secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls.
Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.
Part C - Differences in development between protostomes and deuterostomes Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither. Drag each item to the appropriate bin: Protosome, Deuterostome, both, neither Mouth from blastopore diploblast anus from blastopore spiral, determinate cleavage triploblast coelom from folds on archeneteron radial, indterminate cleavage coelom from solid masses of mesoderm
Protosome: mouth from blastopore, spiral determinate cleavage, and coelom from solid masses of mesoderm Deuterostome: anus from blastopore, radial; indeterminate cleavage, and coelom from folds of archenteron Both: triploblast Neither: Diploblast
Which muscle type is involved in the function of the digestive tract and blood vessels? Smooth. Skeletal. Voluntary. Cardiac.
Smooth
How is an action potential propagated down an axon after voltage-gated sodium channels open in a region of the neuron's membrane? Sodium ions enter the neuron and diffuse to adjacent areas, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels farther down the axon. Sodium ions enter the neuron and diffuse to adjacent areas, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels farther down the axon. Potassium ions enter the neuron and diffuse to adjacent areas, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels farther down the axon. Potassium ions enter the neuron and diffuse to adjacent areas, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels farther down the axon.
Sodium ions enter the neuron and diffuse to adjacent areas, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels farther down the axon.
Part C - Organogenesis in a frog embryo Tissue and organ formation begins during the process of organogenesis. Which five of the following statements are true about organogenesis in a frog embryo? Somites form along the length of the notochord and neural tube. The neural tube forms from ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system. The mesoderm gives rise to the epidermis of the frog's skin. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the frog's digestive tract. The notochord forms from mesoderm and develops into the central nervous system. Some somite cells migrate to other locations in the developing embryo. The notochord does not persist in adult frogs.
Somites form along the length of the notochord and neural tube. The neural tube forms from ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the frog's digestive tract. Some somite cells migrate to other locations in the developing embryo. The notochord does not persist in adult frogs.
Which event triggers the creation of an action potential? The membrane depolarizes above a certain threshold potential. The sodium—potassium pump shuttles ions across the membrane. There is an undershoot of the resting potential. Voltage-gated potassium channels open, and K+ ions diffuse out of the neuron.
The membrane depolarizes above a certain threshold potential
Which step constitutes the power stroke of muscle contraction? The phosphate ion is released, and the myosin head moves back to its original position. ATP binds myosin, causing the myosin head to be released from actin. ADP is released. ATP is hydrolyzed, causing myosin to bind another actin subunit.
The phosphate ion is released, and the myosin head moves back to its original position.
Which of the following statements about action potentials in a given neuron is false? They are identical in magnitude. They are propagated down the length of the dendrite. They are identical in duration. They occur after the threshold potential is reached.
They are propagated down the length of the dendrite.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site. They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream. They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional neutrophils and macrophages. They secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls and engulf and digest the invaders.
They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.
TRUE OR FALSE: The apical ectodermal ridge is a developmental organizer region that is responsible for ensuring that limb buds grow outward from the body during development.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: The development of all organs can be traced to one of the germ layers.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: The principle of parsimony is useful for evaluating both alternative hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships among taxa AND alternative hypotheses for the evolution of specific traits?
True
TRUE OR FALSE: The walls of veins are thinner than the walls of arteries.
True
The site of inflammation may become swollen due to the increased numbers of cells and fluids at the site and painful due to signals from pain receptors.
True
Part D - Muscle twitch and sustained contraction (tetanus) Graph showing muscle tension over time resulting from a single action potential and from multiple action potentials. The summation of two twitches caused by a pair of action potentials is nearly twice that caused by a single action potential. The summation of a series of action potentials at high frequency, called tetanus, is over six times that of a single twitch and sustained over time.Skeletal muscle contraction is a graded process, meaning that you can voluntarily alter the strength and extent of contraction of your skeletal muscles, such as your biceps. Increasing the strength and extent of contraction occurs by increasing the number of muscle cells that receive action potentials. In addition, increasing the number of action potentials sent to a muscle cell can also increase muscle tension, as shown in the graph. A tiny muscle "twitch" is caused by a single action potential. Two or more closely spaced action potentials have an additive effect because the muscle does not have sufficient time to relax between action potentials. A long series of closely spaced action potentials results in a sustained, maximum contraction, called tetanus. Which of the following statements correctly describes why a series of closely spaced action potentials causes a sustained contraction rather than a series of closely spaced twitches? When a series of action potentials is closely spaced, there is not sufficient time for Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum between action potentials, and Ca2+ remains bound to troponin throughout the series. Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through channels is slow compared to the uptake of Ca2+ into the SR via ATP-dependent pumps, resulting in Ca2+ slowly trickling into the sarcomeres between closely spaced action potentials. Fewer Ca2+ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum as a result of several closely spaced action potentials than as a result of a single action potential. Ca2+ ions are released quickly from troponin, keeping the Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol high between closely spaced action potentials.
When a series of action potentials is closely spaced, there is not sufficient time for Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum between action potentials, and Ca2+ remains bound to troponin throughout the series.
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers. branched unstriated unbranched and cylindrical spindle shaped striated
branched
Part A - Differentiating between cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis Determine which terms, phrases, and images describe each phase of development. Drag each item to the appropriate bin: cleavage, grastulation, organogenesis cytoplasm partitioned into many cells embryonic germ layers form organs begin to develop from germ layers blastula somites blastopore grastula neural tube
cleavage: blastula and cytoplasm partitioned into many cells grastulation: embryonic germ layers form, blastopore, and gastrula organogenesis: neural tube, somites, and organs begin to develop from germ layers
A neuron consists of _____. a cell body only dendrites only axons only dendrites, a cell body, and axons striations
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
Part C- Identifying modes of thermoregulation Animals can be classified according to their mode of thermoregulation. Sort the animals below, indicating their likely thermoregulatory strategy. Note that poikilotherms are sometimes referred to as heterotherms. Drag each animal to the appropriate bin: Homeothermic endotherm, hemeothermic ectotherm, and poiklothermic ectotherm eagle arctic shrimp salamander walrus butterfly coyote freshwater catfish butterfly
homeothermic endotherm: walrus, eagle, and coyote hemothermic ectotherm: arctic shrimp poiklothermic ectotherm: butterfly
Part C- Lancelets and tunicates Lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates, or neither. Drag each item to the appropriate bin: lancelets, tunicates, both, or neither adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord adults bury themselves into the sediment of the seafloor all chordate characters present in adults most chordate characters not present in adults in adults, water enters through one siphon and leaves through another larvae swim using the notochord, but adults may be sessile adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits adults swim using the vertebral column
lancelets: adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord adults bury themselves into the sediment of the seafloor all chordate characters present in adults tunicates: most chordate characters not present in adults in adults, water enters through one siphon and leaves through another larvae swim using the notochord, but adults may be sessile both: adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits neither: adults swim using the vertebral column
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
left atrium
The transmission first triggers the _____. action of the sodium-potassium pump opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions out of the neuron opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron
opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? stratified cuboidal epithelium simple cuboidal cells simple columnar epithelium stratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? stratified squamous epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal cells stratified transitional epithelium
simple cuboidal cells
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal cells stratified cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
_____ muscle is attached to bones. Smooth Involuntary Cardiac Branched Skeletal
skeletal
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? smooth muscle skeletal muscle striated muscle voluntary muscle cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas. potassium ... opening of voltage-gated potassium channels sodium ... opening of voltage-gated potassium channels sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels sodium ... closing of voltage-gated sodium channels potassium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? simple epithelium squamous epithelium stratified epithelium simple cuboidal cells columnar epithelium
stratified epithelium
Part H- Interpreting the phylogenetic tree Which of the following groups of species is a monophyletic group, or clade? sun bear, sloth bear, spectacled bear all species of living bears brown bear, polar bear, ancestral species 4, ancestral species 7 sun bear, Asian black bear, American black bear, ancestral species 5, ancestral species 6
sun bear, Asian black bear, American black bear, ancestral species 5, ancestral species 7
At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane? the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron
