Biology

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment. How would an organism's homeostasis be affected if it was not able to produce enzymes?

Without enzymes, chemical reactions would not occur quickly enough to sustain life.

What kind of △H is used in an endothermic reaction?

△H

What kind of △H is there during an exothermic reaction?

- △H

Most enzymes end with what suffix?

-ase

Proteins consist of what?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

What are the functions of proteins?

Cell structure, animal structures, cell transport, communication within and between cells, and enzymes.

What are the basic structures of amino acids?

Central carbon atom, amino group, carbonyl group, and radical group.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is not true?

Enzymes are carbohydrates.

The reactants are showed on what side of the arrow?

Left

Enzymes work by what?

Lowering the activation energy of reactions.

Increasing enzyme concentration results in what?

More product

Increasing substrate concentration for an enzyme results in what?

More product

Primary structure is the what?

Number and order of the amino acids

The resulting bond of dehydration synthesis is called what?

Peptide bond

Many amino acids formed together make what?

Polypeptide chain

Without enzymes what would happen?

Reactions required for life would not occur fast enough.

In chemical reactions, atoms are what?

Rearranged

The products are on what side of the arrow?

Right

Why are all active sites of all enzymes filled?

So excess substrate will not be catalyzed.

An enzyme called ATP synthase is most likely to what?

Synesthesize ATP

The enzyme lactase catalyzes the breakdown of lactose to glucose and galactose. Students set up a beaker with milk and lactose enzyme. Which describes how the concentration of these substances will change what?

The concentration of galactose will increase, and the concentration of lactose will remain the same.

The activation energy is what?

The distance from reactants to the top of the peak.

How many different amino acids are there?

20

Secondary structure is the what?

3D structure

A substrate that speeds up the rate of a chemical and reaction is called what?

A catalyst

Binding causes what?

A substrate to be converted to a product.

The energy needed for reactants to form products is what?

Activation energy

Examples of 3D structures are what?

Alpha-helix and Beta-sheet

What are the monomers or proteins?

Amino acids

An enzyme functions best at what?

An optimal temperature and pH

Protein structure is determined by what?

Bending and folding of the polypeptide chain

What is non-competitive inhibitor?

Bonds to enzyme (not active site), changes shape of active site so substrate can't bing. It binds to alloteric site.

All substrate molecules are what?

Bound to enzymes so excess enzymes have no substrates.

Chains do not what?

Branch

How do you calculate enthalpy (△H)?

By subtracting the energy of the reactants from the energy of the products.

Most enzymes are proteins folded into what?

Complex 3D shapes

How are amino acids joined together?

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called what?

Endothermic reaction

Chemical reactions that release energy are called what?

Exothermic reaction

What is competitive inhibitor?

Form of enzyme inhibition, bonds to the active site on the enzyme, and prevents binding of the substrate.

What are examples of common proteins?

Hemoglobin- oxygen transport protein in blood Collagen- structural protein in connective tissue Antibodies- proteins used to recognize invaders

How are polypeptide chains are broken apart through what?

Hydrolysis

A substrate can what?

Induce the enzyme to allow it to fit.

Quaternary structure is the what?

Interaction between individual protein submits.

Tertiary structure is the what?

Interaction between us he two secondary structures.

When a temperature or pH level is changed what can happen to the enzyme?

It could denature and stop working.

The fumarase enzyme catalyzes the chemical conversion of fumarate to malate in the cell. The biochemical reaction is required for aerobic respiration. Which statement describes reaction without enzyme?

It occurs, but at a significantly slower rate.

The enzyme-substrate complex is compared to what?

The lock and key model

What happens to the reaction rate if the enzyme is placed in less than optimal conditions?

The reaction rate slows.