Biology: God's Living Creation ch. 8

How many pairs are there of cranial nerves?

12

How many pairs are there of spinal nerves?

31

What is a state of prolonged unconsciousness?

A coma

What is the wave of electrical activity down an axon?

Action potential

What is one of the most common mental disorders in the elderly that is a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere?

Acute confusion

What is one of the most commonly abused drugs in today's world that acts as a depressant?

Alcohol

What disease causes physical and intellectual disablement?

Alzheimer's disease

What is loss of memory called?

Amnesia

What kind of disorder is caused by death of brain cells because artery blockage stops blood flow?

Arteriosclerotic dementia

What is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs?

Autonomic nervous system

What is a long extension of a neuron that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons?

Axon

What philosophy is that a person's actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli?

Behaviorism

What are the tightly sealed capillary walls which protect the CNS from being permanently damaged each time you get sick?

Blood-brain barrier

What is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord?

Brain stem

Where are nerve cell bodies only found?

Brain, spinal cord, and ganglia

What is the mass of nerve fibers by which two hemispheres communicate?

Callosum

What part of the neuron contains the nucleus and most of the cell's cytoplasm?

Cell body

What branch of the nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord?

Central nervous system

What are the two branches of the nervous system?

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

What is the second largest brain region that functions primarily to coordinate skeletal muscle activity?

Cerebellum

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

Cerebral cortex

What is damage to the cerebral motor area called?

Cerebral palsy

What is the clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater, serving to cushion the brain when you bump your head?

Cerebrospinal fluid

What is the largest part of the brain and is the physical organ that helps in the areas of consciousness, memory, voluntary actions, thinking, and intelligence?

Cerebrum

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

What is a period of paralysis of the CNS accompanies by a short period of unconsciousness caused by a blow to the head?

Concussion

What nerves branch directly from the brain stem and transmit nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth, face, and scalp?

Cranial nerves

What is a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body?

Dendrite

What is the common neurological disorder in which neurons repeatedly fire?

Epilepsy

What is the forward portion of the cerebrum associated with personality, judgement, and self-control?

Frontal lobes

What are the masses of cell bodies?

Ganglia

What kind of cells support and insulate nerve tissue?

Glial cells

What are the two basic kinds of cells in the brain and spinal cord?

Glial cells and neurons

What consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons and is gray because the cell bodies lack myelin?

Gray matter

What are the two halves of the cerebrum?

Hemispheres

What is the control unit for the body's automatic systems, and is responsible for the physical effects of emotions?

Hypothalamus

What neurons, only found in the CNS, relays signals between neurons or groups of neurons and are responsible for the processing of information by the brain?

Interneurons

What hemisphere of the cerebrum seems to specialize in details, known procedures, and formal logic?

Left

What are the complex brain structures lying clustered around the brain stem at the core of the brain, surrounded by the cerebrum?

Limbic system

What are the various regions of the cerebrum?

Lobes

What is the triple layer of protective tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

What disease occurs when invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges?

Meningitis

What part of the brain stem helps coordinate the movements of both eyes?

Midbrain

What are nerves that contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers?

Mixed nerves

What is the rear portion of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles?

Motor area

What kind of nerve fibers carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce actions in muscles and organs?

Motor nerve fibers

What are the neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body?

Motor neurons

What disease affects the brain and spinal cord when the immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths?

Multiple sclerosis

What is the white covering of the cells?

Myelin

What is a group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord?

Nerve center

What are bundles of nerve fibers branching form the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body?

Nerves

What is the degeneration and inflammation of nerves?

Neuritis

What is a biologist that studies the nervous system?

Neurobiologist

What is a physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system?

Neurologist

What kind of cells are the actual nerve cells?

Neurons

What is the chemical released into the synapse?

Neurotransmitter

What is the lowest part of the brains stem that regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, and sneezing?

Oblongota

What part of the brain interprets vision?

Occipital lobes

What is the inability of the muscles to move?

Paralysis

What division of the autonomic nervous system that acts as a balance to the other division to slow down after an emergency?

Parasympathetic division

What are located behind the front lobe that analyze the senses on their respective sides of the body to allow feeling of temperature, pressure, and pain, and texture judgement?

Parietal lobes

What disease affects the control of posture and movement?

Parkinson's disease

What is the branch of the nervous system that consists of nerves?

Peripheral nervous system

What is the large nerve mass formed of ganglia?

Plexus

What is a serious viral disease that attacks the spinal cord?

Poliomyelitis

What part of the brain stem links the cerebrum with the cerebellum that regulates breathing and coordinates some eye movements and facial expressions?

Pons

What is the period of sleep in which closed eyes show movement?

REM sleep

What is the simplest nerve pathway?

Reflex arc

What is the intricate network of neurons that is the "master switch" of the cerebrum?

Reticular formation

What hemisphere of the cerebrum seems to specialize in the "big picture," creativity, and intuitive approaches to problems?

Right

What are the special glial cells which produce layers of myelin sheathing?

Schwann cells

What is a condition characterized by pain in the lower back and back of the thigh caused by a pinching in the spinal cord?

Sciatica

What is the slow process of natural cell loss that results in a disorder?

Senile dementia

What is hearing loss called?

Sensorineural deafness

What kind of nerve fibers carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain for analysis?

Sensory nerve fibers

What are neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as transmit pain signals?

Sensory neurons

What is the thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity?

Spinal cord

What nerves transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body from the spinal cord?

Spinal nerves

What is the most common serious injury of the nervous system that is also a leading cause of death throughout the world?

Stroke

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

What division of the autonomic nervous system responds to your needs during increased activity and emergency situations?

Sympathetic division

What is an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell?

Synapse

What are the lobes located on either side of the brain associated with the senses of hearing, taste, and smell?

Temporal lobes

What is the disease that makes the jaw difficult to open?

Tetanus

What is the uppermost end of the brain stem that acts like a switchboard?

Thalamus

What is the principal organ of the nervous system?

The brain

What is composed of axons and glial cells covered by myelin?

White matter

What is the simplest act of the nervous system and is a quick, automatic response?

reflex