Biology Lecture Final
Isomer
molecules with the same chemical formula can have different structures
Saturated Fatty Acid
A long-chain hydrocarbon with no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain very linear in structure
DNA Polymerase
Builds a new DNA strand by adding complementary bases
4
DNA Polymerase
2
DNA Primase
Leading strand
The strand that is copied in a continuous way from the 3' to 5' direction
What does the Spliceosome do? a. join the exons together b. join the introns together c. proofreads the mRNA d. proofreads the DNA
a.
A DNA molecule has the sequence GCATCCGA. What is the mRNA sequence resulting for this DNA code? a. GCATCCGA b. CGUAGGCU c. CGTAGGCT d. CCTAGGCT
b.
A process in which cells surround and engulf substances that are TOO BIG(bacteria, food, large particles) to enter the cell is known as... a. Pinocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Sodium/Potassium Pump d. exocytosis
b.
A triglyceride is made up of three fatty acid tails attached to which molecule? a. cholesterol b. glycerol c. starch d. glycogen
b.
According to the Punnett square, it is probable that these parents will have ______ female children. a. 0/4 b. 2/4 c. 3/4 d. 4/4
b.
After meiosis 1, the resulting daughter cells are ___________. After meiosis 2, the resulting daughter cells are____________.: a. haploid, diploid b. haploid, haploid c. diploid, haploid d. diploid, diploid
b.
An atom's ability to bond with other atoms is mainly influenced by: a. The number of neutrons in the atom's nucleus b. The number of electrons in the atom's valence shell c. The number of protons in the atom's nucleus d. The number of electrons in the atom's innermost electron shell
b.
Another name for a sex cell is a: a. embryo b. gamete c. muscle cell d. bone cell
b.
Based on the pedigree chart, what should you assume about the parental generation? a. The father was a carrier for a sex-linked disease. b. the mother was a carrier for a sex-linked disease. c. You cannot make any assumptions based on the pedigree chart. d. Both the father and mother were carriers of a sex-linked disease.
b.
DNA is replicated at this time of the cell cycle: a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M
b.
What is the relationship between a protein, the cell, and DNA? a. DNA is produced by protein which is produced in the cell b. DNA controls the production of protein in the cell c. Protein is composed of DNA which is produced in the cell d. A cell is composed of DNA and protein
b.
What type of bond can form between water molecules due to their polarity? a. ionic b. hydrogen c. nonpolar covalent d. amino
b.
What type of chromosomal mutation is this? a. Translocation b. Inversion c. Deletion d. Duplication
b.
When a cell is not actively dividing, it is in what phase? a. anaphase b. interphase c. telophase d. prophase
b.
When you step out into the cold, your body shivers in order to keep its temperature at 98.6F. a. All living things have a metabolism b. All living things respond to their environment c. All living things have an internal structure of cells d. All living things grow
b.
Where do substrates bind on an enzyme? a. voltage-gated channels b. active site c. calcium channels d. surface receptor
b.
Which of the following allele pairs are heterozygous? a. AA b. Aa c. aa d. None of the answers represent heterozygous allele pairs
b.
Which of the following choices correctly lists the taxonomic hierarchy, from most to least inclusive? a. Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Family, Class, Order, Genus, Species b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species c. Domain, Kingdom, Class, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species d. Domain, Kingdom, Genus, Phylum, Family, Class, Order, Species
b.
Which of the following does not contribute to the genetic variation produced by sexual reproduction? a. Independent assortment b. Mitosis c. Random fertilization d. Crossing over
b.
Which of the following is common to both mitosis and meiosis? a. They both have two rounds of cell division and result in four daughter cells b. Replication of DNA occurs prior to both c. The resulting daughter cells of both are identical d. They both start with diploid parent cells and end with haploid daughter cells
b.
Which of the following is the gel-like fluid that fills the interior of cells and is the site of many chemical reactions? a. mitoplasm b. cytosol c. granula d. extracellular matrix
b.
Which of the following statements regarding passive transport is false? a. Ions require special protein transporters to diffuse in and out of the cell b. Facilitated diffusion can move solutions against their concentration gradient c. Osmosis involves the movement of water to equalize concentrations d. All passive transport relies on a concentration gradient as the driving force
b.
Which way will the water move and what will be the state of the cell? a. out of the cell, hypotonic b. into the cell, hypotonic c. water will not move isotonic d. into the cell, hypertonic
b.
With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because they have a. identical genes but different chromosomes. b. a similar but not identical combination of genes. c. identical chromosomes but different genes. d. the same combination of traits but different genes.
b.
Which of the following could cause a protein to denature? ( select all that apply) a. turning into a different macromolecule b. change in temperature c. a change from the secondary structure to primary structure d. change in pH
b. and d.
The phase of mitosis during which the mitotic spindle begins to form is a. anaphase. b. interphase. c. prophase. d. metaphase.
c.
When chromosomes fail to separate correctly during anaphase of meiosis, what can occur? a. chromosomes of the sex cell are halved b. meiosis never completes c. extra chromosomes are found in the sex cell d. chromosomes of the sex cell are doubled
c.
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? a. Hydrolysis only occurs in the urinary system, and dehydration reactions only occur in the digestive tract. b. Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. c. Dehydration reactions put polymers together, and hydrolysis breaks polymers apart d. Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.
c.
Which of the following is the only stage of cellular respiration that occurs outside of the mitochondria? a. pyruvate oxidation b. citric acid cycle c. glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation
c.
Which type of reaction forms bonds between monomers to make polymers? a. hydrolysis b. ionic bonding c. dehydration synthesis d. acid/base pairing
c.
Which is an example of a tumor suppressor gene? a. proto-oncogenes b. apoptosis c. oncogenes d. p53
d.
Which molecule is responsible for carrying electrons to the Calvin Cycle during photosynthesis? a. ATP b. FADH2 c. NADH d. NADPH
d.
Which of the following statements regarding the function of mitosis is false? a. Mitosis is necessary for asexual reproduction in eukaryotes. b. Mitosis allows organisms to grow. c. Mitosis promotes repair tissues. d. Mitosis promotes genetic diversity.
d.
Number of neutrons for Oxygen-18
10
Number of valence electrons for Oxygen-17
6
Number of valence electrons for Oxygen-18
6
Number of neutrons for Oxygen-17
9
Nonpolar Covalent
A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms evenly, resulting in no partially charged regions of the formed molecule
Polar Covalent
A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared unevenly, resulting in partially charged regions of the formed molecule
DNA ligase
Binds Okazaki fragments
1
DNA Ligase
Helicase
Enzyme that unwinds DNA
3
Helicase
DNA Primase
Initiates the synthesis DNA by creating a short RNA segment at replication fork
6
Lagging strand
5
Leading strand
Carbon Fixation Occurs
Light Dependent
Contains photosystem I and II
Light Dependent
Involves and electron transport system
Light Dependent
Takes place in the Thylakoid membranes
Light Dependent
Water is split into O2, H+ and e-
Light Dependent
Carbon Dioxide is captured and converted into sugars
Light Independent Reaction/ Calvin Cycle
Occurs in the stroma of the chlorplast
Light Independent Reaction/ Calvin Cycle
The energy that powers this process in obtained from ATP and NADPH
Light Independent Reaction/ Calvin Cycle
Lagging strand
Strand that is copied discontinuously because it is traveling away from helicase
A pH of 3 is a(an) a. acid b. base c. neutral d. enzyme
a.
A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________. a. hypothesis b. variable c. theory d. control
a.
Aerobic respiration has three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. What are the end products of the electron transport chain? a. water and ATP b. NADH and FADH2 c. oxygen and glucose d. hydrogen ions and oxygen
a.
Alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets are two structures that can be formed in the ____________ stage of protein formation a. Secondary b. Tertiary c. Primary d. Quaternary
a.
An neutral atom has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have? a. 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons b. 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons c. 6 protons, 12 neutrons, 6 electrons d. 12 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
a.
An uncharged atom has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have? a. 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons b. 12 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons c. 6 protons, 12 neutrons, 6 electrons d. 12 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
a.
As a result of _______________, the incorrect sequence of amino acids will be translated into a protein, resulting in a mutation. a. deletion b. insertion c. inversion d. crossing over
a.
Central dogma includes the following:The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription.In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed and migrates from the _________ to the _________.Messenger RNA carries coded information to the __________ where this information is translated and used for protein synthesis. a. nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome b. nucleus, ribosome, Golgi complex c. ribosome, ER, Golgi complex d. DNA, RNA, ribosome
a.
Examine the model of the secretion of a protein into the environment surrounding a cell. Identify and organize the organelles involved in the process, from protein synthesis through secretion. a. ribosome, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, cell membrane b. Golgi apparatus, vesicle, cell membrane c. ribosome, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, cell membrane d. mitochondria, ER, lysosome, cell membrane
a.
Gene expression refers to what process? a. the process of transcribing DNA into RNA and translating RNA into protein b. the process of transcribing RNA into DNA and translating DNA into protein c. the process of transcribing DNA into RNA and translating RNA into chromatin
a.
Investigators studied the effect of temperature on the rate of biological enzyme action. The experimental data is summarized in the graph. The investigators concluded that the enzyme works best at human body temperature. What part of the data validates their conclusion? a. The graph peaks at 37°C and dips beyond this point. b. The graph shows an exponential rise in reaction velocity. c. The graph shows that the reaction is complete at 60°C. c. The reaction is seen for temperatures between 0°C and 60°C.
a.
Once the DNA strand unwinds and is modified; it sent through the nucleus for translation. What stage of translation would most likely occur at letter A? a. elongation b. initiation c. termination d. RNA processing
a.
The Punnett square represents the dihybrid cross between two pea plants. Here R represents the dominant allele for round shape of the seed and r represents the recessive allele for wrinkled shape of the seed. Y represents the dominant allele for yellow seed color and y represents the recessive allele for green seed color. Both the plants have the heterozygous genotype RrYy. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of dihybrid crosses? a. 9:3:3:1 b. 9:3:2:2 c. 9:4:2:1 d. 9:5:1:1
a.
The process of cellular respiration a. breaks down food molecules to release stored energy. b. occurs only in animals. c. must occur before plants are able to carry out photosynthesis. d. is performed only by organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis.
a.
What gamete possibilities could come from this parent's genotype? AaBB a. AB, AB, aB, aB b. Ab, AB, Ab, ab c. Ab, Ab, Ab, Ab d. AB, aB, ab, aB
a.
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration? a. 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy -> 6CO2 + 6H2O c. 6CO2 + 6H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> 6O2 + C6H12O6
a.
What is the functional group labeled "2" in the image? a. hydroxyl b. phosphate c. methyl d. carboxyl
a.
What type of RNA acts like a delivery truck, delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis, and then leaves empty again, to go collect another amino acid? a. Transfer RNA b. Messenger RNA c. Ribosomal RNA d. Mitochondrial RNA
a.
Which part of the cell is the powerhouse? It turns food into energy. a. Mitochondria b. Golgi Apparatus c. Nucleus d. Cell membrane
a.
Which phase of mitosis is when the sister chromatids are separated and pulled away from one another towards opposite ends of the cell?: a. anaphase b. metaphase c. telophase d. prophase
a.
Which statement is true? a. Picture A (left) shows a dehydration reaction and Picture B (right) shows an hydrolysis reaction. b. Picture A (left) shows an hydrolysis reaction and Picture A (right) shows a dehydration reaction c. Picture A and Picture B show enzymatic activity in the body d. Picture A shows what happens if an enzyme stops working in your body.
a.
are reactants in the process of cell respiration. a. Sugar and oxygen b. Water and oxygen c. Water and sugar d. Water and carbon dioxide
a.
Organic molecules always contain which two elements? Select two answers. a. carbon b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. oxygen e. sodium
a. and b.
A pedigree is shown above that tracks a trait through four generations in a family. Based on the inheritance patterns of this trait, which statements accurately justify that this is a sex-linked recessive trait? Select all that apply: a. The trait appears in later generations after being absent in one generation. b. The trait is passed from fathers to sons. c. Males are being affected more frequently than females. d. Individuals I-1 and II-4 are carriers.
a. and c. and d.
When summarizing the process of transcription in a cell as a gene is used to build a polypeptide, which of these statements accurately reflects the process of transcription? Choose ALL that apply. a. An mRNA molecule is produced in the nucleus of the cell. b. The ribosome attaches to the DNA to build a polypeptide. c. The resulting RNA molecule is a complement of the gene on the DNA. d. The RNA molecules contains three nucleotides in a row whose bases form a codon. e. A polypeptide is synthesized based on the sequence of nucleotides on the tRNA molecule.
a. and c. and d.
The overall process of photosynthesis
anabolic
Both aerobic cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation produce ATP, though in different amounts. These two ATP-producing processes have some major differences as well as some similarities. What do aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation have IN COMMON? a. They produce a sour taste. b. ATP production begins with glucose. c. They require an electron transport system. d. Pyruvate serves as the final electron acceptor.
b.
DNA stores the information needed to build and control the cell. The transmission of this information from mother to daughter cells is called vertical gene transfer and it occurs through the process of DNA replication. Use the model to explain how the structure of DNA facilitates the process of DNA replication? a. Two complementary DNA molecules open. Strands from the two are swapped, and the two DNA strands become four. b. During DNA replication, the molecule unzips and each side provides a template for the new side of the ladder following the base pair rule. c. Individual nucleotides are carried via mRNA into the nucleus to match each unpaired nitrogen base, exposed during the opening of the DNA molecule. d. DNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule. It then reads each strand and sends a signal to tRNA to bring the correct nitrogen base to each exposed site.
b.
During the process of protein synthesis, each tRNA carries one a. fatty acid. b. amino acid. c. nucleotide. d. nucleic acid.
b.
Enzymes are what type of macromolecule? a. nucleic acid b. protein c. carbohydrate d. lipid
b.
If each normal body cell of a human contains forty-six chromosomes, then the number of chromosomes in a human egg will be a. 24 b. 23 c. 46 d. 36
b.
In which phase of mitosis does the nucleus disappear, centrioles move to the poles, and chromosomes condense into sister chromatids? a. Metaphase b. Prophase c. Telophase d. Anaphase
b.
Review the schematic diagram of photosynthesis and the involvement of the chloroplast in this process. All BUT ONE choice describes what is happening in the light dependent reaction. a. Products include ATP and NADPH. b. Reactants include carbon dioxide and water. c. Water is broken down and oxygen is produced. d. Energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll.
b.
Students used gummy bears to represent cells in the gummy bear osmosis lab. After obtaining an initial mass for each gummy bear, the gummies were soaked for 24 hours in different solutions and then dried and massed. The solutions included: distilled water, tap water, 20% sugar solution, and 40% salt solution. After 24 hours, the percent change of each gummy bear was calculated and is shown below: Distilled Water: +320% Tap Water: +200% 40% Salt Solution: -60% 20% Sugar Solution: +85% Based on the data, which gummy bear was in the salt solution and what was the tonicity of that solution? a. gummy bear D, hypotonic b. gummy bear C, hypertonic c. gummy bear B, hypertonic d. gummy bear A, hypotonic
b.
The table here shows four distinct types of cells with the presence or absence of particular organelles denoted by a - (absent) or a + (present). A researcher claims that all living cells must be able to synthesize proteins in order to maintain homeostasis and perform basic functions. What statement supports the scientist's claim? a. Cell walls are required for cells to maintain their shape to manufacture proteins. Cell types II, III, and IV can synthesize proteins. b. Ribosomes are required for protein synthesis, and all four cell types can synthesize proteins c. Cells require lysosomes to digest cellular components to convert them into proteins. Only cell types I and III can synthesize proteins. d. Nuclei house the DNA, which is the blueprint for proteins. Cell types I, II, and III can synthesize proteins
b.
This structure is a passageway though out the cell a. Ribosome b. Endoplasmic Reticulum c. Nucleus d. Cell Membrane
b.
What are the reactants of cellular respiration? a. ATP and water b. sugar and oxygen c. NADPH and hydrogen d. carbon dioxide and water
b.
What cell activity is depicted in the figure? Selected Answer: DNA replication a. ATP production b. DNA replication c. protein synthesis d. mRNA transcription
b.
What is the functional group labeled "3" in the image? a. phosphate b. amino c. carboxyl d. hydroxyl
b.
An egg cell of an earthworm has 18 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be present in the earthworm's somatic cells? a. 18 b. 72 c. 36 d. 9
c.
At which level of organization do all of the unifying properties of life emerge? a. organ b. organism c. cell d. tissue
c.
Atoms that gain or lose electrons are known as: a. elements b. molecules c. ions
c.
Based on the Law of Dominance, we would expect _____ percent of the offspring from this cross to have large teeth. a. 0 b. 25 c. 75 d. 100
c.
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they: a. obtain CO2 through their roots during the day. b. fix CO2 into by combining it with RuBP in the Calvin cycle c. fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler. d. fix CO2 into organic acids in the mesophyll cells, which do not rely on stomata.
c.
Given the sequence of DNA nucleotide bases TAGTAGTAG, give the complementary strand of mRNA produced during transcription. a. AAGGUAGUA b. AAUCGGAAC c. AUCAUCAUC d. GAGGAGGAG
c.
In rabbits, white fur is a recessive trait. Based on this fact, what statement BEST describes a white rabbit's genotype? a. It must have the genotype Bb. b. It is heterozygous for fur color. c. It is homozygous for fur color. d. It cannot have the genotype bb.
c.
Mendel's experiments demonstrated the law of dominance: traits are inherited as dominant and recessive alleles, and the dominant allele for a trait can mask the presence of the recessive allele. Occasionally, that law is contradicted: offspring exhibit a blend of their parents' traits. For example a red flowering plant when crossed with a white flowering plant would produce a plant with pink flowers. This type of inheritance pattern is called a. codominance b. multiple alleles c. incomplete dominance d. heterozygous dominance
c.
Mendel's experiments with pea plants demonstrated the law of dominance: traits are inherited as dominant and recessive alleles, and the dominant allele for a trait can mask the presence of the recessive allele. Occasionally, that law is contradicted: offspring exhibit a blend of their parents' traits. For example a red flowering plant when crossed with a white flowering plant would produce a plant with pink flowers. In a genetic cross between a homozygous red flowering plant and a heterozygous pink flowering plant, predict the probability of having offspring with red flowers. a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
c.
Some inquisitive students found two slugs and wanted to take them to science class. The only container they could find was a used potato chip bag. The students stored the slugs in the bag to take to school the next day, When the students opened the bag at school, they found that the slugs had melted and turned to slime. Explain why this happen? a. The slugs had an defensive reaction to the salt, and the slime was a response to that reaction. b. The salt around the slugs created a hypotonic environment, which caused water to diffuse into cells and made them undergo cytolysis. c. The salt around the slugs created a hypertonic environment, which caused water to diffuse out of cells and the cells will shrink. d. The salt around the slugs created an isotonic environment, which caused water to diffuse out of and into the cells which made the slugs melt.
c.
The Punnett square represents the dihybrid cross between two pea plants. Here R represents the dominant allele for round shape of the seed and r represents the recessive allele for wrinkled shape of the seed. Y represents the dominant allele for yellow seed color and y represents the recessive allele for green seed color. Both the plants have the heterozygous genotype RrYy. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of dihybrid crosses? a. 9:3:2:2 b. 9:5:1:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 9:4:2:1
c.
The by-products of cellular respiration include a. energy and oxygen. b. glucose and carbon dioxide. c. carbon dioxide and water. d. glucose and oxygen.
c.
The chemical bond between amino acids is called a _______ bond. a. phosphodiester b. hydrogen c. peptide
c.
The diagram represents protein synthesis which is essential to the function of all cells. What is represented by letter C? a. codon b. mRNA c. tRNA d. ribosome
c.
The three types of RNA involved in gene expression are: a. mRNA, tRNA, and trRNA b. mRNA, xRNA, and tRNA c. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
c.
Translation of the DNA sequence AAGCTGGGA would result in a. a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCT. b. an mRNA strand with the sequence UUGCACCCU. c. a sequence of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds. d. an mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT
c.
We know that the nitrogen bases of DNA, T-A and C-G, act as a template in building new DNA molecules during replication. But before replication can begin, an enzyme called ________ must _____________, starting at the replication origin. a. DNA polymerase; match nitrogen bases b. ligase; insert the correct nitrogen bases c. helicase; split open the DNA d. DNA primase; split open the DNA
c.
What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA? a. Phenylalanine b. Tyrosine c. Leucine d. Stop Codon
c.
What do we call DNA replication since new DNA has 1 parent strand and 1 new strand? a. Lagging b. Dispersive c. Semiconservative d. Conservative
c.
What is I pointing to on the cell membrane and what does this do? a. integral protein, helps move things across the cell membrane b. glycolipid, aids in cell recognition c. cholesterol, maintains fluidity d. phospholipid tail, repels water
c.
What is a functional group? a. Group of molecules that give specific characteristics to an atom b. Group of molecules that make up a group of atoms c. Group of atoms that give specific characteristics to a molecule d. Group of atoms that give specific characteristics to an element
c.
What is one of the purposes of an enzyme? a. give permission for the reaction b. raise activation energy c. speed up reactions d. control how many reactions occur
c.
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strand during DNA replication? a. The leading strand will be synthesized in Okazaki fragments, while the lagging strand will be synthesized continuously b. Both the leading and lagging strands will be synthesized in Okazaki fragments, but the leading strand will be replicated first c. The lagging strand will be synthesized in Okazaki fragments, while the leading strand will be synthesized continuously
c.
What is the property of water that allows it to stick to other surfaces? a. Surface tension b. Solubility c. Adhesion d. Cohesion
c.
When RNA is being made, the RNA base ____ always pairs with the base ___ in DNA. a. U-T b. T-G c. U-A d. A-U
c.
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle? a. S->G1-> G2-> mitosis-> cytokinesis b. Mitosis-> G1->S->G2->cytokinesis c. G1->S->G2->mitosis->cytokinesis d. cytokinesis->mitosis->G1->S->G2
c.
Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration and photosynthesis is true? a. Photosynthesis is an exergonic process, while cellular respiration is an endergonic process b. Photosynthesis only occurs in plant cells, while cellular respiration only occurs in animal cells c. The reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration, and vice versa d. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration directly require an input of solar energy to occur
c.
Which of these BEST describes the primary goal of meiosis? a. A single cell divides into two daughter cells. b. The nucleus is divided without mutation. c. Daughter cells are produced with only half the chromosomes of the parent cell. d. All chromosomes are replicated and passed on to the daughter cells.
c.
Why do cells go through cell division a. Reproduction b. Growth c. All of the above d. Repair
c.
You look under a microscope and see a cell which has a cell wall, a central vacuole, and a nucleus. What type of cell are you looking at? a. A bacterial cell b. An animal cell c. A plant cell d. Not enough information to tell
c.
original: ABCDEF mutated: AC-DEF This is a _____________ mutation. a. insertion b. point c. deletion d. substitution
c.
Which of the following is the monomer of a protein? a. saccharides b. glycerol c. amino acid d. nucleic acid
c. amino acid
Which of the following are taxonomic domains that consist of prokaryotic organisms? Select all that apply. a. eukarya b. protista c. archaea d. bacteria
c. and d.
monomer is a monosaccharide
carbohydrates
short term energy
carbohydrates
The overall process of cellular respiration
catabolic
Moves a molecule (ie. sucrose) into/out of cells by coupling its transport to the movement of another (ie. H+ ions) down its gradient
cotransport
A farmer is breeding Andalusian chickens. He notices that when he mates a black chicken with a white chicken, the offspring are spotted black and white and look blue in color. a. incomplete dominance b. segregation c. multiple alleles d. codominance
d.
A single strand of DNA contains the following nine nucleotides in this order: ACT TAT GGA. What sequence of bases will be present on the complementary strand of DNA? a. UGA AUA CCT b. ACT TAT GGA c. ACU UAU GGA d. TGA ATA CCT
d.
A species of mice can have long or short tails. If you crossed a male mouse which is heterozygous and has a long tail with a female mouse with a short tail, what would the expected phenotypic outcome be and why? a. 100% long tails due to the Law of Dominance. b. There is no way to predict the phenotypic ratio since one of the parents is heterozygous. c. 75% long tails and 25% short tails because the dominant allele for long tail still masks the recessive short tail allele. d. 50% long tails and 50% short tails because the heterozygous genotype increases the percentage of offspring that might show the recessive phenotype, short tail.
d.
A student makes a claim that a cell is undergoing the process of transcription. What evidence would be present to support this claim? a. tRNA with anticodons is carrying amino acids to the ribosome b. DNA polymerase is using both strands of DNA to produce multiple mRNA molecules. c. Ribosomes are reading mRNA molecules three nucleotides at a time to synthesize proteins. d. RNA polymerase is using a single strand of the DNA molecule as a template for mRNA production.
d.
All BUT ONE statement describes an advantage of meiosis. a. Independent assortment provides a huge number of possible genetic combinations in daughter cells. b. Variation is aided by crossing-over which occurs during meiosis. c. Meiosis ensures daughter cells receive one allele for each gene and half the number of chromosomes. d. Meiosis occurs often because it allows growth and repair of body tissues in multicellular organisms.
d.
An apple plant has two dominant alleles for red apples, RR. If it is crossed with another plant that has recessive genes for green apples, rr, which percentage of the offspring will have red apples, assuming random chromosome segregation? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
d.
As it relates to the solute, which way will the solute diffuse a. out of the cell, hypotonic b. into the cell, hypotonic c. the solute will not move, isotonic d. out of the cell, hypertonic
d.
Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce enough insulin in the pancreas to help lower the levels of blood glucose. The ribosomes manufacture the insulin in healthy cells, but those who are diabetic do not have healthy cells to do this. In which organ would you find the ribosomes producing insulin in a nondiabetic individual? a. thyroid b. liver c. stomach d. pancreas
d.
Female cat has two recessive genes for long fur (ss) and a male cat has two dominant genes for short fur (SS). What is the likelihood the two cats produce a kitten with short fur? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
d.
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? a. raise the temperature of the cell, speeding chemical reactions. b. store ATP, allowing more energy to be used in chemical reactions. c. raise the temperature of the cell, speeding chemical reactions. d. lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.
d.
How do you know when to begin translating a strand of mRNA? a. Look for the stop codon b. look for ATG c. start at the beginning d. look for AUG
d.
In what organelle is the genetic material found inside? a. Endoplasmic Reticulum b. Golgi Complex c. Nucleolus d. Nucleus
d.
Meiosis is different from the process shown because, during meiosis a. two gametes are made for every original cell. b. chromosomes are not replicated. c. four somatic cells are produced for every original cell. d. four gametes are produced for every original cell.
d.
Mitosis is responsible for growth, repair, and maintenance in an organism because Selected Answer:c. it is the only process that involves replication of genetic material. a. the chromosome number is reduced by half. b. it occurs at a faster rate than meiosis. c. it is the only process that involves replication of genetic material. d. exact duplicates of each mother cell are produced.
d.
Portions of eukaryotic mRNA sequence that are removed during RNA processing are ________. a. exons b. caps c. poly-A tails d. introns
d.
The pedigree above shows a cross between an affected female and unaffected male for Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is autosomal dominant. In this case, what is the chance that the two parents at the top have a child with Huntington's disease? a. 0% b. 5% c. 25% d. 50%
d.
The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called a. binary fission b. telophase c. mitosis d. cytokinesis
d.
Translation of the DNA sequence AAGCTGGGA would result in a. an mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT. b. an mRNA strand with the sequence UUGCACCCU. c. a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCT. d. a sequence of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
d.
What is the stage of this protein? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary
d.
What occurs during splicing? a. A mature RNA leaves the nucleus b. The small subunit of the ribosome attaches to mRNA c. A sugar molecule is added to the pre-RNA d. Introns are removed and exons are stuck back together
d.
What organelle In a cell makes ribosomes? a. Lysosomes b. Nucleus c. Mitochondria d. Nucleolus
d.
Which is NOT a characteristic that all living organisms share? a. Ability to reproduce b. Ability to grow c. Ability to respond to their environment d. Ability to dominate an ecosystem
d.
Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? a. The light-dependent reactions occur outside of chloroplasts b. All reactions for photosynthesis take place in the stroma of the chloroplast c. The light-dependent reactions use CO2 to make glucose d. Photosystems in the thylakoid membranes absorb light energy and transfer it to electrons in the reaction center during the light-dependent reactions
d.
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? a. The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for carbon fixation, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. b. The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. c. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions. d. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns ADP, and NADP+ to the light reactions
d.
Which of the following types of molecules would be able to diffuse directly through a cell's plasma membrane? a. small, ionic molecules b. small, polar molecules c. large, polar molecules d. small, nonpolar molecules
d.
Why are insertion and deletion (frameshift) mutations so harmful? a. Insertion and deletions are not any more harmful than substitution mutations. 2. They often delete things that organisms need c. They insert things that an organism doesn't need d. They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which changes the amino acid sequence
d.
You cross two pea plants that are heterozygous for seed color. The yellow color allele is dominant to the green color allele. What ratio of phenotypes would you expect the offspring to have? a. 4:0 yellow seeds: green seeds b. 2:2 yellow seeds: green seeds c. 1:3 yellow seeds: green seeds d. 3:1 yellow seeds: green seeds
d.
Moves O2 from lungs into blood and CO2 from blood into lungs [HIGHER] → [LOWER]
diffusion
Hydrophobic region of the cell membrane?
e.
Ionic Bond
electrons are transferred from one atom to the other
Moves glucose into cells with the use of proteins that change conformation and flip to other side
facilitated diffusion
fats, waxes, oils and steroids are examples
lipids
makes up the cell membrane
lipids
has the monomer nucleotide
nucleic acids
Moves water molecules acrosscell membranes from [HIGHER] → [LOWER]
osmosis
aids in hair growth, muscle growth, nail growth
proteins
functions as enzymes
proteins
used for structural support
proteins
Electrogenic pump that moves H+ across a membrane creating an electrochemical gradient [LOWER] → [HIGHER]
proton pump
