Biology Semester Review

How are plant and animal cells different?

The central vacuole & chloroplasts are present only in plant cells. Centrioles exist only in animal cells.

According to secular views, which came first? The prokaryote, or eukaryote?

The prokaryote.

What does cell theory state?

1. ) All living things are made of cells. 2. ) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life. 3. ) All cells come from preexisting cells.

What do the centrioles do?

Aid in cell division.

What's the relationship between stem cells, gene expression, and cell differentiation?

All cells in an organism begin as stem cells, which have the same DNA > Cell differentiation happens when specific genes are turned on and off within the cell.

What type of cell has all 13 organelles, except for the cell wall and chloroplast?

Animal cell

What are examples of *eukaryotic* cells?

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Which type of cell has only 6 organelles?

Bacteria

Which cells have dendrites and axons, and can also produce & maintain chemicals that can send electrical signals to help the body function?

Blood cells

How are plant and animal cells similar?

Both have a nucleus, cell membrane, DNA, and mitochondria.

What is cell diversity, and why is it important?

Cell diversity = Stem cells transform into different cells. It's important, since makes the different types of cells that are required for us to function & survive.

What organelle is found only in plants?

Central vacuole.

What are a few common features/structures?

DNA, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

What are examples of *prokaryotic* cells?

E. coli, streptococcus, methanogens, also any bacteria.

What is the name of the organelle that is a system of membranes that move proteins & other substances within the cell?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

What are some major differences between eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are complex, large, and membrane bound. Prokaryotic cells are simple and small, and not membrane bound.

What are stem cells?

Generic cells that can develop into many different cell types.

What does the chloroplast do?

Harvests energy from sun to make glucose.

What does the nucleus do?

Has genetic code required for cells to grow & function.

What does a lysosome do?

Has powerful digestive enzymes to break down old/foreign cell parts.

What does the nucleolus do?

Helps produce ribosomes & RNA.

Why is smooth ER different than rough ER?

It lacks ribosomes.

What is the process of making protein? (This is a long answer.)

It starts in the *nucleus*. (Because, that is where the instructions for the protein are located, in the DNA code.) From there, instructions are carried to *ribosomes.* Proteins are made here. It is then carried to other parts of the cell by the *ER*, which might bring proteins to the *Golgi*, where proteins are packaged inside *vesicles*, where they may be delivered to other parts/outside of the cell.

What is the function of a ribosome?

Make proteins.

What does the *smooth* ER do?

Makes & distributes lipids.

Which cells contain banded fibers for contraction and movement, and also contain a lot of mitochondria?

Muscle cells

What are some examples of specialized cells that cells can turn into?

Muscle, blood, fat, bone, nervous, epithelial, immune, and sex cell.

Which cells contain pigments that are sensitive to light, and can send signals to the brain?

Neuron (Nerve cell)

List the 13(14) organelles of a cell.

Nucleolus, nucleus, ribosomes, vesicles, rough ER, Golgi, cytoskeleton, smooth ER, mitochondria, vacuoles, cytoplasm, lysosomes, centrioles, cell membrane.

What are most functions of a eukaryotic cell controlled by?

Nucleus

What are some factors that can affect cell differentiation.

Nutrients, temperature, drugs & viruses.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Package and distribute proteins.

What does the Golgi do?

Packages & delivers proteins to parts of the cell.

What type of cell has all 13 organelles?

Plant cell

What does the cell wall do?

Protects the cell, maintains cell shape & homeostasis

What does the nuclear membrane do?

Protects the nucleus; has nuclear pores.

What do ribosomes do?

Provides a place for proteins to be made.

What does the *rough* ER do?

Provides roadway in which cellular substances can travel.

What does the cell membrane do?

Regulates what enters & leaves the cell; is like a barrier.

Which cells contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen around the body, don't have a nucleus, and are created in the bone marrow?

Rod cells (Eye cells)

All cells in your body contain the same DNA, but are mostly different. Why?

Some segments of DNA can be turned on or off for certain traits.

What is the function of the central vacuole?

Store water & nutrients.

What is the role of the cell wall?

Support, protect, and provide a rigid structure for the cell.

What does the cytoplasm do?

Suspends organelles in it's fluid; helps organelles move & grow.

What are a few things that prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have in common?

They both have DNA, ribosomes, and a cell membrane.

Why can certain drugs or viruses cause birth defects?

They can interfere with cell signaling, which mechanisms involved w/ cell differentiation are mainly based on.

What do the chromosomes do?

They contain genetic info.

What does the mitochondria do?

This is where cellular respiration occurs; makes ATP (energy for the cell).

*True or False:* Cell differentiation is how stem cells become specialized cells. This occurs through a process called gene expression.

True

What is a function of a lysosome?

Use enzymes to break down proteins.

Which organelle is a small membrane-bound sac that can carry various items to and from the cell?

Vesicle