Biology - Skeletal, Muscular, Circulatory, & Respiratory System exam (Daniel)

Connective tissue of the musculoskeletal system includes...

All answers are correct.

The endoskeleton functions in...

All answers are correct.

Blood...

All answers are correct. helps remove wastes from the body, delivers oxygen to the cells of the body, delivers food to the cells of the body, is a liquid connective tissue.

What causes a muscle cell to contract?

Myosin heads attached to actin bend.

Why is myosin important for contraction?

Myosin heads bend when attached to actin.

Birds and mammals are endotherms, meaning they spend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant body temperature. To meet these energy needs, birds and mammals independently evolved four-chambered hearts, completing the separation of oxygen-rich from oxygen-depleted blood. How would this maximize the amount of oxygen reaching tissues?

Diffusion of oxygen from oxygenated blood into tissues would be increased.

A dual-chamber pacemaker is surgically placed in a patient's chest. Wires then carry pulses to the right atrium and the right ventricle. How would the pulses be directed from the pacemaker to the heart?

The atrium would be stimulated first and then the ventricle.

______ are used to lift a cup to your mouth, and ______ are used to lower the cup back onto the table....

The biceps; the triceps

If a growth plate is damaged before bone growth is complete, what may result?

The bone will not grow to its full length

How did the inactivation of a gene that now encodes a nonfunctional myosin protein affect human chewing muscles?

The loss of this myosin led to smaller and weaker chewing muscles in humans.

Which drugs would be prescribed to a person who has high blood pressure?

a beta-blocker and a diuretic

The capillary wall consists only of...

a single layer of epithelial cells.

A thin filament in a muscle cell is composed primarily of the protein...

actin

A clumping reaction caused by antibodies in the blood plasma is...

agglutination

Vertebrates with a three-chambered heart include... .

amphibians

A whole blood cell transfusion would be used to treat which of the following?

anemia

The simplest animals with a closed circulatory system are...

annelids

The largest artery in the body is the...

aorta

A defibrillator contains two paddles that are placed on a person's chest and through which an electrical shock is administered. What is this procedure treating?

arrhythmia

The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are...

arteries

Which drugs would be prescribed to a person who is at risk of forming a blood clot?

aspirin

The upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the...

atria

After a muscle cell contracts, calcium ions must...

be pumped back into the endoplasmic reticulum.

If you placed an electrode on a person's triceps and stimulated the muscle, they would not be able to...

bend their arm.

Vertebrates with a four-chambered heart include....

birds

Blood pressure is the force that...

blood exerts on the walls of the arteries.

The force that blood exerts on blood vessel walls is termed...

blood pressure.

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect ________ to ________...

bone; bone

Cardiac output may increase by...

both a greater than normal stroke volume and heart rate.

Functions of the vertebrate endoskeleton include...

both production of blood cells and storage of calcium.

Which is not a function of skeletal muscles?

pump blood through the heart

The cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are...

red blood cells.

Diastolic pressure reflects the...

relaxation of the ventricles.

An autoimmune disorder in which there is chronic inflammation of the joint membrane is...

rheumatoid arthritis.

A valve replacement would prevent the flow of blood from the...

right ventricle to right atrium.

After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours. This stiff position is called...

rigor mortis.

A disorder of the axial skeleton in which the vertebral column curves to the side is known as...

scoliosis

A heartbeat begins in the...

sinoatrial node.

What keeps your head held up and not drooped forward toward your chest when you are awake?

skeletal muscle

The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark, while that of a domesticated chicken is white. The breast muscles in a wild duck are...

slow-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria.

The middle layer of the wall of an artery or vein, allowing it to withstand and modify blood pressure, is...

smooth muscle.

Which is not a part of the appendicular skeleton?

sternum

If you had a patient with blood improperly draining from all areas above the diaphragm, you would suspect a problem with the ...

superior vena cava.

A neuromuscular junction is a ________ between a ________ and a ________.

synapse; muscle; neuron

If blood pressure is too high, the brain _____ heart rate and causes blood vessels to _____...

decreases; dilate

The narrowing of blood vessels is...

vasoconstriction

The widening of blood vessels is...

vasodilation

The large vessels that carry blood to the heart are...

veins

A person has a blood type of A. They could receive a whole blood transfusion from which donors?

either A or O

The type of skeleton composed of calcium rich-spines, cartilage or bone is a(n)...

endoskeleton

The type of skeleton that is an internal support structure is a(n)...

endoskeleton

The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium-containing shell or chitin is a(n)...

exoskeleton

The breast muscles of a wild duck are dark, while that of a domesticated chicken are white. The breast muscles in a domesticated chicken are...

fast-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria.

Vertebrates with a two-chambered heart include...

fishes

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is...

hemoglobin

The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)...

hydrostatic skeleton

You are a medical student on rounds with your instructor, and you are told to help measure blood pressure, so you hand the instructor a(n) ...

hygrometer and sphygmomanometer.

Where are blood cells produced?

in red marrow inside of bones

The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the...

inferior vena cava and superior vena cava.

If asked to label a large blood vessel found mostly below the diaphragm, you would label it as the ...

inferior vena cava.

An area where two bones meet is called a(n)...

joint

The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful is the...

left ventricle.

If you came across a description of cellular components of blood that destroy foreign substances, you would be reading about ...

leukocytes

A sprain is a stretched or torn...

ligament

While in medical school working on a cadaver, you are instructed to find a damaged tendon. You might first look for what two things joined together?

muscle; bone

The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running, swimming, and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the...

muscular and skeletal systems.

A thick filament in a muscle cell is composed primarily of the protein...

myosin

Without muscles, bones ______ and without bones, muscles ______...

would remain in one location; would move soft tissue layers

Each day the human heart sends a volume of blood equal to about _____ through the body...

7,000 liters

Which will be true of the muscles of a bedridden person?

ATP production and mitochondrial enzyme activity will be lower than normal.

Why would exercise help your blood circulation in your legs?

As muscles contract they squeeze blood through the veins and increased heart rate pushes more blood into the legs.

What letter in the figure of a long bone corresponds to the location where red blood cells and platelets are made?

B

Osteoarthritis is caused when bones in a joint rub against each other directly. What happens in osteoarthritis?

Cartilage is destroyed.

What letter in the figure of a long bone corresponds to the location of hard, dense connective tissue with canals that house blood vessels and nervous tissue but that lacks enough space to store red bone marrow?

D

What does the high level of similarity between the myosin gene sequences in human and non-human primates suggest?

Humans and non-human primates had a common ancestor at some time in the past.

A dual-chamber pacemaker is surgically placed in a patient's chest. Wires then carry pulses to the right atrium and the right ventricle. Why would the pulses be carried to the right chambers of the heart and not the left chambers?

Once the right chambers are activated the pulse will be carried to the left chambers.

Why could you donate plasma twice a week?

Plasma contains only proteins and fluid which can be replaced quickly.

In muscle tissue, if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur, the muscle cell...

can produce ATP by fermentation

The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are...

capillaries

What connective tissue provides a mold that bone replaces until bone growth is complete?

cartilage

The vertebrae in descending order from the skull are...

cervical, thoracic, lumbar.

The temporalis and masseter muscles close the jaw while the platysma opens the jaw. To clench your teeth, you...

contract the temporalis and masseter and relax the platysma.

Systolic pressure reflects the force caused by the...

contraction of the ventricles.

Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?

coronary artery

The molecule that rapidly replenishes ATP at the beginning of muscle activity is...

creatine phosphate.

If an older patient came in complaining of joint pain, and a scan showed the bones in the patient's hands rubbing one another, you would diagnose ...

osteoarthritis

A bedridden person is at risk of what problem?

osteoporosis

A condition in which bones become less dense is called...

osteoporosis

At the capillaries, _____ leaves red blood cells and _____ enters the circulation...

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Which bone, if examined, would show that you were working with something other than an upper limb?

patella

Which is not a part of the axial skeleton?

pelvic girdle

The liquid matrix of blood is...

plasma

Which is the correct order for the time required to replace each blood component from shortest to longest?

plasma, platelet, red blood cell

If you were dealing with a patient who repeatedly had trouble with excessive bleeding, you might consider giving the patient a transfusion containing ... .

platelets

When taking a person's blood pressure, after proper inflation of the cuff, the first pulse sound that is heard through the stethoscope indicates that blood is flowing through the artery past the cuff. The reading on the pressure gauge at this point indicates...

systolic pressure.

How is the temporalis muscle attached to the skull and jaw?

tendons

A heart murmur is caused by....

the heart valves not functioning properly.

After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours because ATP is required...

to break the bond between actin and myosin.

Which is not an important function of calcium in vertebrates?

transport of oxygen to the body's cells

Which is not a bone of the lower limbs?

ulna