Biology Test 2 (Chordates + Fishes + Amphibians + Reptiles + Birds + Mammals)

Devonian Period

"Age of Fishes"

Archaeopteryx

"ancient wing"

Class: Bony Fish

(Ray-finned fishes, lungfishes, lobe-finned fishes) Make up most of the vertebrate population in fresh and salt water

Ray-finned fishes

(Snakelike eels, yellow perch, cave fish, herring, and lantern fish) • Have fins supported by the long bones (rays) • The most familiar fishes

Class: Cartilage Fish

(sharks, skates, and rays) • Have skeletons of cartilage, not bone • Have movable jaws and skeletons with paired fins • No swim bladder

Chordates

- Mostly vertabrates Have: • a dorsal, hollow nerve cord • a notocord • pharyngeal pouches (become gills) • tail (extends beyond anus)

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Birds

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Chordata

Aviation

Flight

Placental Mammals

Have a gestation period

Fins

Movable structures, aid fish in swimming and maintaining balance

Diaphragm

• Muscle under ribs • Aids in breathing

Types of Reptiles

• Sphenodontia (tuatara) • Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators) • Testudines (turtles and tortoises) • Squamata (lizards and snakes)

Reptiles

• Strong, bony skeletons, feet & claws • Ectothermic (cold-blooded) • Dry scaly skin • Respiration with lungs • Ventricle partially divided • Internal fertilization, amniote eggs

Frog Skin

• Thick, moist skin serves (respiration and protection) • Glands secrete mucus to keep it from drying up • Some glands secrete foul-tasting/poisonous substances (protect frog from enemies)

Order Testudines (turtles and tortoises)

• Tortoises usually live on land, turtles in water • Top of a turtle's shell is the carapace • Bottom is the plastron • Shell is part of the spine.

Birds Excretion

• Use KIDNEYS to filter waste from the blood • Urine often mixes with solid wastes as it leaves the body through the cloaca

Fish Respiration

• Water passes over gills, oxygen is added • Some have gill covers - OPERCULUM • Some have special organs to serve as lungs (Lungfish)

Frog Eyes

• Work equally well in/out of water • Eyes bulge out from head, so frog can stay submerged while "keeping an eye out" for predators

External fertilization (water)

1. Eggs are laid in water 2. Hatch into swimming larval forms (tadpoles)

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Amphibians

Birds Digestive System

Birds lack teeth • Crop: stores and moistens food • Gizzard (stomach): grinds food

Incisors

Biting

Canines

Carnivores/predators: large canines, sharp, for tearing flesh Stabbing, holding

Notochord

Cartilage rod, for support

Niche

Comfortable, suitable position in life/employment (lifestyle for animals)

Why do animals on different continents look alike?

Convergent Evolution: • Unrelated species are adapted to similar environments and similar NICHES

Albumen

Egg white, cushion

Rumen

Extra stomach chamber which holds bacteria and can help digest plant material

Types of feathers

Feathers are covered in oil to keep them waterproof (secreted from a preen gland) • Down feathers • Contour feathers • Flight feathers

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Fishes

Yolk

Food for embryo

Order Anura ("without a tail")

Frogs and Toads • About 3,500 known frog species and 300 toads kinds • On every continent (except Antarctica) • Some spend entire life in/near water, others live mainly on land and come to water only to mate • Some are climbers (dwell in trees) or burrowers (live underground) • Similar, differ in skin type (dry, warty skin/ smooth, wet skin) • Reproduce in water (eggs fertilized externally)

Chorion

Gas exchange btw embryo and outside of shell

Mammal Circulation

Have a 4 chambered heart and double loop circulation

Domesticated animals

Have been kept and bred by people (cows, dogs, pigs, horses..etc)

Lobe-finned fishes (OR coelacanths)

Have paddle like fins with fleshy bases

Molars

Herbivores: large flat molars Crushing, grinding

Ovoviviparous

Holds eggs in body

Birds Taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Aves

Mammals Taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia

Reptiles Taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia

Chordate Taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Oviparous

Lays eggs

Viviparous

Live birth

Swim Bladder

Maintains buoyancy (like a balloon)

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Mammals

Order Sphenodontia (tuatara)

Only found in New Zealand Have no external ears and a 3rd eye

Dorsal Nerve Cord

Part of the nervous system (spinal cord)

Amniote Egg

Parts: Amnion, yolk, allantois, chorion, albumen • Contains water and food supply for the embryo with a shell • Fertilized internally

Order Squamata (snakes)

Pits used to detect heat, many snakes find prey by detecting warmth • Constrictors • Rattlesnake • Cobra • Water moccasin (cottonmouth, found near rivers and lakes) • Coral snake (bright colors warn predators of danger)

Down feathers

Provide insulation (birds are endothermic)

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Reptiles

Cutaneous respiration

Respiration through skin in air and water

Order Urodela ("visible tail")

Salamanders and other amphibians • Have elongated bodies, long tails, legs • Smooth, moist skin • Less able to remain on dry land (some can live in dry areas by remaining inactive during the day) • Lay eggs in water and hatch into swimming larva

Non-vertebrate Chordates

Sea Squirts/Tunicates/Lancelets

Lateral Line System

Senses vibrations in the water

Mammal Movement

Some can...run, climb, dig, fly, swim • Legs are adapted to a particular job • TETRAPODS (4 limbs) can have different functions (wings, flippers) • BIPEDAL (walks on 2 legs)

Estivation

State of inactivity in the summer

Hibernation

State of inactivity in the winter

Allantois

Stores waste in amniote egg

Ornithology

Study of birds

Egg laying

Usually laid in water/moist environment and fertilized externally

Amnion

Watery environment in the amniote egg

Fish

• 1st Fish were jawless • Anything with gills, scales, and fins • Cold-blooded, vertebrate (breathe w/gills and move w/fins) • Most numerous vertebrates (30,000+ species) • 400-500 in reef area

Frog Respiratory System

• Adult frogs lose gills but can respire in 3 ways: through lungs, skin, mouth • Respiration through lungs (pulmonary respiration) • Frog's lungs are small so cutaneous respiration is very important (especially during estivation / hibernation) • Use mouth breathing for only a small amount of their respiration

Vertebrate

• Animals with backbone (and endoskeleton) • Have spinal cord (dorsal, hollow nerve cord) • Front end of spinal cord develops a brain

Order Marsupiala

• Bear their young in an immature state, babies develop in a pouch • Majority found in Australia • Opossums found on other continents

Amphibians (Greek meaning "both life")

• Can live in water and on land • Evolved from lobe-finned fishes • Appeared during late Devonian period (345 mil. years ago) • Ectothermic (blood temperature changes based on environment) • Use gills, lungs, skin, and mouth cavity in respiration • Have moist, smooth, thin skin with no scales • Feet are webbed and toes lack claws • Metamorphosis • Enter state of dormancy when conditions are unfavourable (bury themselves in mud/leaves, emerge when conditions are better)

Contour feathers

• Cover head and body • Provide coloration • Males use colors and behaviors to impress potential mates

Evolution of Mammals

• Didn't come to dominate until the CENOZOIC ERA (after dinosaur extinction) • Early mammals: probably rodent-like and nocturnal

Class: Jawless Fish

• Don't have lateral line system • "round mouths" (neither plates nor scales) • Notochord • Eel-like shape • Cartilaginous skeleton • Unpaired fins

Order Monotremata

• Egg laying mammals • Found only in Australia • Have reptilian characteristics (cloaca & egg laying) • Have mammalian features (hair, mammary gland)

Bird Adaptation for Flight

• Feathers and wings • Strong, lightweight bones • Strong chest muscles

Birds

• Forelimbs modified into wings • Feathers • Hollow bones • Endothermic • Efficient respiration • 4 chambered heart • Scaley feet • Furculum (wishbone)

Lampreys

• Free living/parasitic (adapted for sucking blood and body fluids of other fish) • Feeding: attach by suction, tear hole with toothy tongue, secrete chemical to prevent clotting • Don't have stomach Have: • Mouth, esophagus, straight intestine and associated glands

Mammals

• Hair (some marine mammals have very little) • Specialized Teeth • Endothermic (warm-blooded) • Mammary Glands • Placenta (most) • Diaphragm (muscle that aids breathing)

How do they stay warm?

• Hair: insulates most mammals • Some marine mammals have a layer of subcutaneous fat (blubber)

Mammal Digestion

• Have diverse diets • Herbivores: often have a RUMEN

Lungfishes

• Have gills where gas exchange takes place btw water and the blood • Burrow unto the mud • Cover themselves in mucus to stay moist until pond refills

Larvae

• Have two-chambered hearts • Adults have three-chambered hearts • Well-developed circulation

Specialized Teeth

• Incisors, canines, molars • Different types of mammals have different types of teeth (depending on diet)

Birds Reproduction

• Internal fertilization, amniote egg • Incubation in a nest • "egg tooth"

Vertebrate Classes

• Jawless Fish (lamprey, hagfish) • Cartilage Fish (sharks, rays...) • Bony Fish (salmon, catfish, goldfish...) • Amphibians (frogs, salamanders...) • Reptiles (lizards, turtles...) • Birds (sparrows, hawks...) • Mammals (humans, whales, cats..)

Fish Taxonomy

• Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata

Order Squamata (lizards)

• Komodo Dragon (Largest lizard on the planet) • Gecko (special structures on feet help them stick to surfaces) • Gila Monster & Beaded Lizard (venemous) • Horned Lizard (has unusual defense mechanism, squirt blood from eyes to scare away predators) • Chameleon • Frilled Lizard (frills as defense against predators)

Mammal Reproduction

• Most give birth to live young • 2 exception groups: 1. Monotremes (lay eggs) 2. Marsupials (develop young in a pouch)

Flight feathers

• On wings and tail • Provide lift

Mammary glands

• Only found in mammals • Produce milk to feed young

Gills

• Organs on the side of a fish to breathe • Water is drawn in through mouth and out gills • Dissolved oxygen in water is taken into the blood and carbon dioxide is released

Frogs Leg Movement

• Powerful hind legs (equally effective in jumping or swimming) • Sit with hind legs folded against body, on land, poised to jump at first sign of danger • Most can make leaps many times their body length

Order Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators)

• Predatory, aquatic reptiles Crocodiles: • Can live in fresh or saltwater • Have a pointed snout • Show both rows of teeth when mouths are closed Alligators: • Found mainly in North and South America • Only show upper teeth when mouth is closed, snouts are round

Placenta

• Provides fetus with nourishment • Attached to the wall of the uterus

Fish and Temperature

• React to changes in water pressure, temperature, currants and sounds • React using pressure sensitive cells along a lateral line near the base of the tail

Features evolved and kept from reptiles:

• Reptile-like (teeth, bony tail, claws on wings) • Bird-like (feathers, wishbone)

Scales

• Scales cover and protect the fish • Mucus on scales help fish swim • Rings on a scale tells fish's age

Sharks

• Scavengers (eat injured fish, carrion, garbage from ships and wide range of sea animals) • Mouth has 6-20 rows of backward-pointing teeth (can detect blood from injured animal as far as 500 miles away) • Swim with side-to-side motion of their asymmetric tail fins • Pectoral fins behind heads (jut out of their bodies like wings of a plane) • Gas exchange requires continuous passage of water over shark's gills

Birds Feeding

• Shape of the beak related to food (Hooked beaks-tearing meat, Long sharp beaks-spearing fish, Small beaks-seeds) • Some use sharp TALONS to grab food • Some swallow prey whole

Types of Birds (groups)

• Song Birds (most numerous) • Wading Birds (long legs) • Falcons (raptors) • Water Birds (webbed feet) • Running (flightless) Birds • Fowl (chickens) Many other groups

Fish Reproduction

• Spawning (fish lay eggs that are fertilized externally) • Some fish bear live young - FRY (baby fish)