Biology Test Ch. 1
The following characteristics scientists use to compare evolutionary relationships between organisms are:
- Anatomical features - Genetic characteristics - Biochemical aspects - Behaviors - Cellular attributes
Experiment
A test of hypothesis under controlled conditions
Peer Review
Evaluation of scientific results by experts before publication in a journal
Hypothesis are tested with an investigations called:
Experiment
Atoms can bond together to form:
Molecules
Theory
a broader, well-tested explanation for a natural phenomenon
Hypothesis
a tentative, testable explanation of an observation
Organism
living individual, consists of one or more cells
Emergent properties
quality that results from interactions of a system's components
Kingdoms
taxonomic category below domain
Domain names in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of life:
- Archaea - Eukarya - Bacteria
Limitations to scientific inquiry:
- Biases of scientists - Misinterpretations of observations or results
Domain Eukarya
- Cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic) - Unicellular or multicellular
Domain Archaea
- Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic) - Unicellular
Domain Bacteria
- Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic) - Unicellular
Qualities of a scientific hypothesis:
- It must be testable - It can lead to specific predictions
Independent Variable
- The manipulated portion of the experiment - A factor that is hypothesized to influence a dependent variable
Standardized Variable
- The portion of the experiment that is held constant - Any factor that held constant for all subjects in an experiment
Dependent Variable
- The response that an investigator measures - Response that may be under the influence of an independent variable
The following are organisms:
- bacterial cell - fungus - plant
Levels of biological organizations (smallest to largest)
1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Organelle 4. Tissue 5. Organ
Steps of Scientific Method:
1. Observe and ask questions about something in the natural world 2. Create a hypothesis to explain your observations and make predictions 3. Carry out experiment to test hypothesis and collect data 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions
Variable
Any changeable element in an experiment
Plantae
Autotrophs, multicellular
Energy is lost in the form of (....) during energy transfers within an ecosystem
Heat
Fungi
Heterotrophs, obtain food bib external digestion
Animalia
Heterotrophs, obtain food by ingestion
Using this process, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.
Homeostasis
Placebo
Inert substance used as an experimental control
It can be difficult to scientifically study events that occurred in the past and that left little evidence because...
It can be hard to accurately re-create conditions from the past
Where do these adaptive traits come from?
Natural Selection
A leaf is composed of several tissues organized to work together and is an (....) of a plant
Organ
What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific function?
Organ
Multiple organs are linked together into:
Organ Systems
Statistical significance of experimental results measures the probability that the results occurred:
Purely by chance
When examining evolutionary relationships, taxonomists classify organisms according to:
Shared common ancestors
What is the basic unit of classification and is used in the second part of a scientific name to identify a distinctive type of organism?
Species
Biosphere
The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible, all parts of the planet that can support life
Organs are made up of:
Tissues
The ultimate energy source in most ecosystems is the sun (true or false)
True
Protista
Unicellular and multicellular organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms
Statistical significance
Unlikely to be attributed to chance
Control
Untreated group used as a basis or comparison with a treated group in an experiment
In an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of:
Variables
What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water and other chemicals?
a cell
Evolution
a change in the genetic makeup of a population over multiple of generations
tissues
a collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion - EXAMPLE: Epidermis of leaf
Scientific Method
a general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas. Scientific inquiry consists of everyday activities: observing, questioning, reasoning, predicting, testing, interpreting, and concluding
molecules
a group of joined atoms (example: DNA), two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Population
a group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time - EXAMPLE: Multiple acacia trees
organelles
a membrane-bounded structure that has a specific function within a cell. (example: Chloroplast) - are compartments that carry out specialized functions in cells
organs
a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions - EXAMPLE: Leaf
Community
all populations that occupy the same region - EXAMPLE: All populations in a savanna
Producers
also called autotrophs, make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from nonliving sources
Consumers
also called heterotrophs, organism that uses organic sources of energy and carbon
Predictions
anticipated outcome of the test of a hypothesis - is written as an if-then statement
Decomposers
are heterotrophs that obtain energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms
Cell
basic unit of life
The cell's genetic instructions are encoded in a molecule called (....) and these instructions are used to produce proteins and allow the cell to carry out specialized functions
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Species
designates a distinctive "type" of organism
Asexual reproduction
genetic information comes from only one parent, and all offspring are virtually identical.
Sexual reproduction
genetic material from two parent individuals unites to form an offspring, which has a new combination of inherited traits.
Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the (....) of the organism
genus and species
Life
is characterized by cellular organization, energy requirements, maintenance of internal constancy, reproduction, growth, development, and evolution
Adaptation
is inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment
Taxonomy
is the biological science of naming and classifying organisms
Homeostasis
is the process by which a cell or organism maintains this state of internal constancy, or equilibrium
Sample Size
number of subjects in each experimental group
Organ System
organs connected physically or chemically that function together - EXAMPLE: Aboveground part of a plant
Genus
taxonomic category that groups closely related species
Domains
the broadest (most exclusive) taxonomic category
Ecosystem
the living and nonliving components of an area - EXAMPLE: The savanna
What is one way that organisms in the domain bacteria differ from organisms in the domain Archaea?
the presence of DNA sequence differences
atoms
the smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element) - EXAMPLE: Carbon atom the smallest scale, all living structures are composed of particles
Natural Selection
the the enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on inherited characteristics - Over time, individuals with the best combinations of genes survive and reproduce, while those with less suitable characteristics fail to do so - Over many generations, individuals with adaptive traits make up most or all of the population
All living organisms are organized into how many domains?
three