Biology Test Ch. 1

The following characteristics scientists use to compare evolutionary relationships between organisms are:

- Anatomical features - Genetic characteristics - Biochemical aspects - Behaviors - Cellular attributes

Experiment

A test of hypothesis under controlled conditions

Peer Review

Evaluation of scientific results by experts before publication in a journal

Hypothesis are tested with an investigations called:

Experiment

Atoms can bond together to form:

Molecules

Theory

a broader, well-tested explanation for a natural phenomenon

Hypothesis

a tentative, testable explanation of an observation

Organism

living individual, consists of one or more cells

Emergent properties

quality that results from interactions of a system's components

Kingdoms

taxonomic category below domain

Domain names in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of life:

- Archaea - Eukarya - Bacteria

Limitations to scientific inquiry:

- Biases of scientists - Misinterpretations of observations or results

Domain Eukarya

- Cells contain nuclei (eukaryotic) - Unicellular or multicellular

Domain Archaea

- Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic) - Unicellular

Domain Bacteria

- Cells lack nuclei (prokaryotic) - Unicellular

Qualities of a scientific hypothesis:

- It must be testable - It can lead to specific predictions

Independent Variable

- The manipulated portion of the experiment - A factor that is hypothesized to influence a dependent variable

Standardized Variable

- The portion of the experiment that is held constant - Any factor that held constant for all subjects in an experiment

Dependent Variable

- The response that an investigator measures - Response that may be under the influence of an independent variable

The following are organisms:

- bacterial cell - fungus - plant

Levels of biological organizations (smallest to largest)

1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Organelle 4. Tissue 5. Organ

Steps of Scientific Method:

1. Observe and ask questions about something in the natural world 2. Create a hypothesis to explain your observations and make predictions 3. Carry out experiment to test hypothesis and collect data 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions

Variable

Any changeable element in an experiment

Plantae

Autotrophs, multicellular

Energy is lost in the form of (....) during energy transfers within an ecosystem

Heat

Fungi

Heterotrophs, obtain food bib external digestion

Animalia

Heterotrophs, obtain food by ingestion

Using this process, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.

Homeostasis

Placebo

Inert substance used as an experimental control

It can be difficult to scientifically study events that occurred in the past and that left little evidence because...

It can be hard to accurately re-create conditions from the past

Where do these adaptive traits come from?

Natural Selection

A leaf is composed of several tissues organized to work together and is an (....) of a plant

Organ

What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific function?

Organ

Multiple organs are linked together into:

Organ Systems

Statistical significance of experimental results measures the probability that the results occurred:

Purely by chance

When examining evolutionary relationships, taxonomists classify organisms according to:

Shared common ancestors

What is the basic unit of classification and is used in the second part of a scientific name to identify a distinctive type of organism?

Species

Biosphere

The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible, all parts of the planet that can support life

Organs are made up of:

Tissues

The ultimate energy source in most ecosystems is the sun (true or false)

True

Protista

Unicellular and multicellular organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms

Statistical significance

Unlikely to be attributed to chance

Control

Untreated group used as a basis or comparison with a treated group in an experiment

In an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of:

Variables

What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water and other chemicals?

a cell

Evolution

a change in the genetic makeup of a population over multiple of generations

tissues

a collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion - EXAMPLE: Epidermis of leaf

Scientific Method

a general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas. Scientific inquiry consists of everyday activities: observing, questioning, reasoning, predicting, testing, interpreting, and concluding

molecules

a group of joined atoms (example: DNA), two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

Population

a group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time - EXAMPLE: Multiple acacia trees

organelles

a membrane-bounded structure that has a specific function within a cell. (example: Chloroplast) - are compartments that carry out specialized functions in cells

organs

a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions - EXAMPLE: Leaf

Community

all populations that occupy the same region - EXAMPLE: All populations in a savanna

Producers

also called autotrophs, make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from nonliving sources

Consumers

also called heterotrophs, organism that uses organic sources of energy and carbon

Predictions

anticipated outcome of the test of a hypothesis - is written as an if-then statement

Decomposers

are heterotrophs that obtain energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms

Cell

basic unit of life

The cell's genetic instructions are encoded in a molecule called (....) and these instructions are used to produce proteins and allow the cell to carry out specialized functions

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Species

designates a distinctive "type" of organism

Asexual reproduction

genetic information comes from only one parent, and all offspring are virtually identical.

Sexual reproduction

genetic material from two parent individuals unites to form an offspring, which has a new combination of inherited traits.

Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the (....) of the organism

genus and species

Life

is characterized by cellular organization, energy requirements, maintenance of internal constancy, reproduction, growth, development, and evolution

Adaptation

is inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment

Taxonomy

is the biological science of naming and classifying organisms

Homeostasis

is the process by which a cell or organism maintains this state of internal constancy, or equilibrium

Sample Size

number of subjects in each experimental group

Organ System

organs connected physically or chemically that function together - EXAMPLE: Aboveground part of a plant

Genus

taxonomic category that groups closely related species

Domains

the broadest (most exclusive) taxonomic category

Ecosystem

the living and nonliving components of an area - EXAMPLE: The savanna

What is one way that organisms in the domain bacteria differ from organisms in the domain Archaea?

the presence of DNA sequence differences

atoms

the smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element) - EXAMPLE: Carbon atom the smallest scale, all living structures are composed of particles

Natural Selection

the the enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on inherited characteristics - Over time, individuals with the best combinations of genes survive and reproduce, while those with less suitable characteristics fail to do so - Over many generations, individuals with adaptive traits make up most or all of the population

All living organisms are organized into how many domains?

three