Biology Unit 1 Exam

Announcing "scientific" findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal suggests

there may be reason to question the validity of the results or conclusions.

If iodide ions (I−) were dissolved in water, they would be attracted to

A and C

Of the following values, which indicates the MOST basic pH?

10

Nitrogen has seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven electrons. What is the atomic mass of nitrogen?

14

Which of the images shown below illustrates both hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds?

A. see picture

The hypothesis that there is a common ancestor to all living organisms is strengthened by what observation?

Almost all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, and behavior.

When determining whether a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific or pseudoscientific, which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself?

Are there a lot of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method?

Which of the labeled areas of the water molecule pictured below possesses a partial negative charge?

B only

Which of the following would be a fact?

Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers.

The chemical reaction that represents photosynthesis is 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. What are the reactants?

H2O and CO2

Therapeutic touch (TT) is a type of "energy" medicine that involves the practitioner moving his or her hands over the energy field of the patient, without actually touching the patient, but redirecting the energy field to heal the patient. If a researcher were to design a survey of TT practitioners and their patients to determine the validity of TT, which of the following questions would NOT be helpful in determining the validity of the survey?

How old is the researcher?

Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the ________ bonds that form between them.

Hydrogen

A scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within the bird population eat snails, primarily, while other individuals avoid eating snails. Which of the following statements represents a prediction based on a well-constructed hypothesis for this observation?

If birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails.

A carwash attendant offers to treat Martin's windshield with a protective agent. This substance coats the glass, causing beads of water to easily roll off during a rain shower. Which of the following must be correct about the protective agent?

It must be hydrophobic.

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

It provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable.

An individual claims to be able to detect the presence of graves in an old cemetery by using a "dowsing" or "divining" rod. The rod is a forked twig held in front of the individual as he walks across the cemetery. The "dowser" (person who is using the dowsing rod) claims that depending on which way the twig moves (up and down or side to side) he can determine if there is a grave there and the gender and age of the individual buried at that spot. Which of the following would NOT help evaluate if the dowser is a fraud?

It would help to know the dowser's age and affiliation with other dowsers.

Which of the following is likely to participate in ionic bonding?

Li+

Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?

No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation.

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to produce Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?

No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.

When Lori was diagnosed with breast cancer, the doctor recommended a lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy. Lori underwent the prescribed treatment recommended by the doctor. However, she also continued to eat lots of fruits and vegetables, walk three miles every day, and complete a daily yoga practice. Within about three months Lori was cancer-free. Afterward, Lori told everyone that her healthy lifestyle had helped to cure her. Is this conclusion reasonable given the circumstances?

No, there are too many confounding factors to know exactly what happened.

Researchers hypothesized that a North American fungus not only caused symptoms of white-nose syndrome (WNS) but also caused death. The results from their experiment are shown in the graph below. Based on this graph, which of the following hypotheses would be the MOST logical hypothesis for further studies?

Other species of bats injected with European fungus will experience death.

Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis?

Should everyone drink bottled water only?

Which of the following would be a theory?

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.

Based on the scientific evidence presented in the journals Lancet and Vaccine which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase in incidence of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?

The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.

Which of the following situations might present a logical reason for accepting a scientific claim made by a person who did not have appropriate credentials for making that claim?

The claim could be supported by other nonbiased and credentialed scientists who have conducted similar research and arrived at the same conclusion and been reviewed by their peers.

A patient is coughing and producing a wheezing sound as she breathes; she also has a fever. She goes to the doctor who listens to her chest, takes X-rays of her chest, and determines that she probably has something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?

The patient is coughing, wheezing, and has a fever.

A researcher noticed that as the prevalence of cell phone usage increased between the years of 1998 and 2010 so did the number of individuals diagnosed with autism. He decided that cell phone usage by expectant mothers was causing autism. Which of the following would be the first step in evaluating his assumption?

The researcher should develop a clearly testable and falsifiable hypothesis.

Astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples?

The samples must contain carbon atoms.

Which of the following statements is true?

The scientific method or process can help people make informed medical and environmental decisions.

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the

Which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds?

They form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms.

Your own scientific literacy would NOT be helpful in answering which of the following questions?

Which movie should I watch this weekend?

A tissue is defined as

a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.

In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into the hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. In this scenario, the sugar is

a solute.

A solution with a pH of 3 is

acidic

A researcher in a laboratory tests a food item and identifies protein in it. The food item must also contain

amino acids

After adding a small amount of Solution A to Solution B, the pH of Solution B declines from 8 to 3. Solution A must contain

an acid

Based on the figure shown below, which of the following has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions?

antacids

A research team funded by a pharmaceutical company is studying the adaptation of grasshopper mice to the neurotoxic venom of scorpions in an attempt to determine how the mice's adaptation could be used as a possible solution to pain management in humans. This is an example of ________ research.

applied

A pharmaceutical company conducts trials on animals and cell lines to determine the safety of a new vaccine before performing clinical trials on adult human volunteers. This is an example of

applied research.

When sodium chloride (Na+Cl−) is dissolved in water, the sodium ion is

attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules.

After adding a small amount of Solution A to Solution B, the pH of Solution B declines from 8 to 3. Solution A must contain

base

A research team funded by federal grants is studying the coevolution of pain receptors in grasshopper mice and the neurotoxic venom of scorpions (one of their primary food sources) to determine how the mice have adapted to the venom of their prey. This is an example of ________ research.

basic

Scientists at a major university are attempting to isolate the gene that slows the degeneration of collagen in skin. This is an example of

basic research

Which term best describes the temperate deciduous forests that cover the northeastern United States, including the Adirondack Mountains?

biome

The most basic solution in the figure shown below is

borax

Which of these characteristics of living organisms are present in viruses?

can evolve as groups

The central element found in organic molecules is

carbon

Carbon's prominence in living systems can be explained by the fact that

carbon-based molecules can form long chains and rings.

Scientific studies that compare patients with a disease to those without the disease are referred to as

case-control studies.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?

cells → tissues → organs → individual

The pH scale measures the

concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

A small, potentially living object was found. For this object to be considered alive, the object must

contain one or more cells.

When Anna Eaton was deciding whether to vaccinate her baby, Caroline, she came across the fact that the onset of autism symptoms typically occurs around 16-24 months of age. Most children receive the MMR vaccine around the age of 15 months. This is an example of a

correlation, but there is no support for a cause-effect relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.

Carbon atoms are bound to each other by ________ bonds.

covalent

In the chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen and oxygen share electrons, creating ________ bonds between the two atoms.

covalent

Atoms in a single molecule of methane, CH4, share electrons. Methane is formed by ________ bonds joining ________ atoms.

covalent; 5

The graph below shows that after the childhood vaccination program was initiated in the United Kingdom in 1999, the annual number of meningitis cases in children

decreased to nearly zero by 2004, as did the meningitis rate for adults.

You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar. The easiest way to do this would be to

determine whether the compound dissolves in water.

Which of the following represents conducting an experiment?

dialing a telephone number

An acid is a polar substance that dissolves in water and

donates hydrogen ions to the solution.

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge, surround the nucleus, and are lost or gained by atoms called ions are the

electrons

Carbon is an example of a(n)

element

The information presented in the following figure represents a scientific

fact

A researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared environment is said to be working at the level of a

population.

In 1890, Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases. He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis. Later, his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis. These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the

germ theory of disease.

Ionic bonds ________, whereas covalent bonds ________.

hold together oppositely charged atoms; hold together atoms that share electrons

In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into some hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. Based on her observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, she can properly conclude that the sugar is

hydrophilic.

When calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl−) interact with one another, they bond using ________ bonds.

ionic

Sodium chloride (table salt) is formed when positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions are chemically attracted to each other. This attraction is best described as a(n)

ionic bond.

A solution with a pH of 4 is ________ acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. The solution with the pH of 4 has a ________ concentration of hydrogen ions than the solution with a pH of 5.

more; higher

Which of the following is an organic compound?

methane (CH4)

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are held together by chemical bonds to form ________ of sugar.

molecules

Announcing "scientific" findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal is an example of

neither primary nor secondary literature because it has not yet undergone peer review to be primary literature, and secondary literature follows primary literature.

Developing a scientific understanding of a natural phenomenon typically begins by

observing a quantifiable natural phenomena.

Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of free H+ ions?

pH1

Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because

partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another.

The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the ________ process, in which the work is examined by other leaders in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists.

peer-review

Which of the following is LEAST likely to include unchecked bias when making scientific statements?

peer-reviewed scientific journals

Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together within an individual water molecule by ________ bonds.

polar covalent

The bonds connecting the atoms in the molecule below are ________ bonds

polar, covalent

Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together. Which macromolecule is properly matched with the appropriate monomer?

polypeptide—amino acid

You are reading an article written by Neil Shubin et al. regarding the pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae in the peer-reviewed journal Nature. Dr. Shubin is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and is employed by The University of Chicago. This article represents a ________ literature presentation of ________ research.

primary; basic

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), by the end of September 2014, roughly 8,000 cases of whooping cough had been reported in California for that year; more than 250 patients (mostly infants and young children) were hospitalized with 58 of them requiring intensive care. Several other childhood diseases that were once common but then eradicated through high vaccination rates have returned since the antivaccination movement grew in the 1990s. The epidemiological data collected by the CDC indicates this resurgence of childhood diseases is most likely the result of

reduced herd/community immunity.

You are reading an article in National Geographic regarding the evolution of humans. This would be an example of ________ literature.

secondary

You are reading an article in Discover magazine about Tiktaalik roseae, the organism thought to be the link between fish and terrestrial tetrapods. The researcher that discovered Tiktaalik was publicly funded. This article represents a ________ literature presentation of ________ research.

secondary; basic

O2, also termed atmospheric oxygen, is formed by a covalent bond between two oxygen atoms. This type of bond involves oxygen atoms

sharing electrons.

Once supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis

still cannot be considered to have been proven true.

The most acidic solution in the figure shown below is

stomach acid

The highest concentration of free hydrogen ions is found in

stomach acid.

A disaccharide consists of two

sugars

A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data presented in the graph below. The graph shows that the hypothesis was ________ because all members of the control group ________ while most of the members of both treatment groups ________ by the end of the study.

supported; survived; died

A scientific hypothesis must be ________; if not, science cannot evaluate it.

testable

Ice floats on water because

the distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best demonstrate that a bacterium found on an asteroid originated in outer space?

the presence of right-handed amino acids in the bacterium's proteins

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a

theory

In living systems, a critical component of many reactions is

water

Oil and water do not mix well because

water is polar and oil is nonpolar.

The figure below, based on data collected by The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, graphically illustrates that a disease is less likely to spread to vulnerable members of a population if most of the population is immunized against the disease. This phenomenon occurs because

when fewer individuals in the population are likely to become infected, fewer people are able to spread the disease, and the vulnerable members of the population are less likely to come in contact with contagious individuals.