land

brine water results from

high evapotranspiration rates

brackish water would most likely occur

in a deltic swamp

general term for the coastal environment

littoral zone

When two valley glaciers join together, they form a ________ at the point at which they merge

medial moraine

about 2 percent of the oceanic mass is made of the

mixing zone where solutes and temperatures blend quickly

which of the following is correct regarding the chemical content of earth's oceans?

salinity varies all over the world, but the ratio of individual salts to each other does not change

which of the following is not correct regarding tides

tidal bulges rotate w earth; i.e., they move with the landmasses as Earth rotates

The type of glacier that dominates Greenland and Antarctica is

Ice sheet

In terms of areal extent, which of the following sequences is in order from most to least area covered

Ice sheet, ice field

Pebbles can be moved by ________ in a process known as ________

Saltating particles; surface creep

Which of the following terms is not a correct reference to a desert pavement?

Sandseas

The Holocene epoch, in which we live, is probably an interglacial within an ice age period.

True

The Sphinx in Egypt may have originally been a natural yardang that was subsequently shaped by people into its present form.

True

The salinity of seawater averages 3.5 percent, or 35 parts per thousand.

True

The wind has relatively minor effects on weathering and erosion.

True

Water is essential to the formation of a desert pavemen.

True

An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a

Tsunami

Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ________ -shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic ________ -shape

V; U

Wave action works to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperse energy in coves and bays in a process called

Wave refraction

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform

Wave-cut platform

A longshore current involves all of the following except

Waves of transition

As a wave approaches the shoreline and enters shallower water, energy and water move forward causing the water to rise and cascade down from the wave crest as a breaker. These waves are called

Waves of translation

Basal slip on a glacier is facilitated by

Regelation, presence of melt water, and saturated sediments

Abrasion is usually confined to a zone which extends up to ________ above the ground

1 m (3.28 ft)

Active sand dunes and sandy deserts cover approximately what percentage of continental land between 30°N and 30°S latitude

10 percent

Ice loss from alpine glaciers is contributing how much to global sea level rise

25%

The steepest side of a dune has a maximum angle of about

34°

Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen

77%

A visible snowline across the surface of a glacier is called

A firn line

A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-like in the sea adjacent to land is

A glacier

Horns and cirques are typical features in

A mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers

The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the

Ablation zone

Glacial polish results from

Abrasion

Once particle motion is initiated, subsequent motion can be maintained ________ because of the process of _______

At lower wind velocities; particle impact

Which of the following dune types is incorrectly matched with the conditions necessary for its formation

Barchan - abundant sand

Which of the following would not be found along a tectonically active shoreline

Barrier islands

Particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form the

Beach drift

A depression created by deflation is known as a

Blowout depression

A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a

Cirque glacier

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the erosion and transport of clay

Clay is difficult to lift from a surface but is easy to keep suspended in the air

A wave-cut platform is the erosional remnant of a

Cliff

A continuous mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as a

Continental glacier

The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed

Deflation

Which two processes create desert pavement

Deflation and sheet wash

The lowering of the land surface by the lifting and removal of material is termed ________ , whereas the grinding of rock surfaces with a "sandblasting" action is ________

Deflation; abrasion

The term aeolian refers to

Erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind

Although many elements are dissolved in seawater, no gases are dissolved in it.

False

Soils formed from loess tend to be infertile.

False

The Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps is an example of a nunatak.

False

Worldwide, alpine glaciers are presently increasing in size and number.

False

For purposes of discussing aeolian processes, the wind acts like a

Fluid

The energy of waves striking a headland that protrudes into the sea is ________ than that which strikes the beaches adjacent to it because ________

Greater; refraction concentrates energy into the headland

Erosion by alpine glaciers ________ the ruggedness of the landscape

Increases

The ability of the wind to erode materials

Is small compared to other erosive agents, such as water and ice

Which of the following is correct regarding the snowline

It decreases in elevation with increasing latitude

Why, specifically, is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock

It forms as a result of recrystallization caused by pressure

Which of the following is correct regarding worldwide sea level?

It was about 130m (430ft) lower 18,000 years ago, and about 10-20cm lower ~100 years ago

The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because

Its wavelength shortens

Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand

Leeward

Relative to dune movement and form, a dune's slipface forms on which side?

Leeward side

When the Sun, Earth and Moon are in conjunction, the arrangement of these three celestial bodies forms a ________and it results in the ________tidal range

Line; largest

When people go swimming along a coast, they often find themselves, after a while, down the coast from where they first entered the water. They moved downshore because of

Longshore currents

Because air has a ________ density than water, saltating particles in an aeolian environment strike one another with ________ force than do saltating particles in a stream

Lower; more

Which of the following is incorrectly matched

None; all of these are correctly matched

Linear dunes and seif dunes are oriented

Parallel to the wind

Crevasses usually form as a result of

Tensional forces

Which of the following is correct regarding glacial movement

The internal flow just below the surface is greater than the basal flow

Small particles are difficult for wind to move because

They are aerodynamic and cohesive

Which of the following is correct regarding loess deposits

They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts

A single groin can produce both sand erosion and deposition.

True

Barrier islands can migrate.

True

Determining mean sea level requires measurement of tidal levels hourly for at least a period of several years.

True

During the height of the Pleistocene ice age, the glaciers extended as far south as the Ohio and Missouri river systems.

True

Permafrost is defined solely on the basis of temperature, not on the amount of water present in the ground.

True

from inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct

coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore