land
brine water results from
high evapotranspiration rates
brackish water would most likely occur
in a deltic swamp
general term for the coastal environment
littoral zone
When two valley glaciers join together, they form a ________ at the point at which they merge
medial moraine
about 2 percent of the oceanic mass is made of the
mixing zone where solutes and temperatures blend quickly
which of the following is correct regarding the chemical content of earth's oceans?
salinity varies all over the world, but the ratio of individual salts to each other does not change
which of the following is not correct regarding tides
tidal bulges rotate w earth; i.e., they move with the landmasses as Earth rotates
The type of glacier that dominates Greenland and Antarctica is
Ice sheet
In terms of areal extent, which of the following sequences is in order from most to least area covered
Ice sheet, ice field
Pebbles can be moved by ________ in a process known as ________
Saltating particles; surface creep
Which of the following terms is not a correct reference to a desert pavement?
Sandseas
The Holocene epoch, in which we live, is probably an interglacial within an ice age period.
True
The Sphinx in Egypt may have originally been a natural yardang that was subsequently shaped by people into its present form.
True
The salinity of seawater averages 3.5 percent, or 35 parts per thousand.
True
The wind has relatively minor effects on weathering and erosion.
True
Water is essential to the formation of a desert pavemen.
True
An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a
Tsunami
Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ________ -shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic ________ -shape
V; U
Wave action works to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperse energy in coves and bays in a process called
Wave refraction
Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform
Wave-cut platform
A longshore current involves all of the following except
Waves of transition
As a wave approaches the shoreline and enters shallower water, energy and water move forward causing the water to rise and cascade down from the wave crest as a breaker. These waves are called
Waves of translation
Basal slip on a glacier is facilitated by
Regelation, presence of melt water, and saturated sediments
Abrasion is usually confined to a zone which extends up to ________ above the ground
1 m (3.28 ft)
Active sand dunes and sandy deserts cover approximately what percentage of continental land between 30°N and 30°S latitude
10 percent
Ice loss from alpine glaciers is contributing how much to global sea level rise
25%
The steepest side of a dune has a maximum angle of about
34°
Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen
77%
A visible snowline across the surface of a glacier is called
A firn line
A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-like in the sea adjacent to land is
A glacier
Horns and cirques are typical features in
A mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers
The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the
Ablation zone
Glacial polish results from
Abrasion
Once particle motion is initiated, subsequent motion can be maintained ________ because of the process of _______
At lower wind velocities; particle impact
Which of the following dune types is incorrectly matched with the conditions necessary for its formation
Barchan - abundant sand
Which of the following would not be found along a tectonically active shoreline
Barrier islands
Particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form the
Beach drift
A depression created by deflation is known as a
Blowout depression
A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a
Cirque glacier
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the erosion and transport of clay
Clay is difficult to lift from a surface but is easy to keep suspended in the air
A wave-cut platform is the erosional remnant of a
Cliff
A continuous mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as a
Continental glacier
The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed
Deflation
Which two processes create desert pavement
Deflation and sheet wash
The lowering of the land surface by the lifting and removal of material is termed ________ , whereas the grinding of rock surfaces with a "sandblasting" action is ________
Deflation; abrasion
The term aeolian refers to
Erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind
Although many elements are dissolved in seawater, no gases are dissolved in it.
False
Soils formed from loess tend to be infertile.
False
The Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps is an example of a nunatak.
False
Worldwide, alpine glaciers are presently increasing in size and number.
False
For purposes of discussing aeolian processes, the wind acts like a
Fluid
The energy of waves striking a headland that protrudes into the sea is ________ than that which strikes the beaches adjacent to it because ________
Greater; refraction concentrates energy into the headland
Erosion by alpine glaciers ________ the ruggedness of the landscape
Increases
The ability of the wind to erode materials
Is small compared to other erosive agents, such as water and ice
Which of the following is correct regarding the snowline
It decreases in elevation with increasing latitude
Why, specifically, is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock
It forms as a result of recrystallization caused by pressure
Which of the following is correct regarding worldwide sea level?
It was about 130m (430ft) lower 18,000 years ago, and about 10-20cm lower ~100 years ago
The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because
Its wavelength shortens
Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand
Leeward
Relative to dune movement and form, a dune's slipface forms on which side?
Leeward side
When the Sun, Earth and Moon are in conjunction, the arrangement of these three celestial bodies forms a ________and it results in the ________tidal range
Line; largest
When people go swimming along a coast, they often find themselves, after a while, down the coast from where they first entered the water. They moved downshore because of
Longshore currents
Because air has a ________ density than water, saltating particles in an aeolian environment strike one another with ________ force than do saltating particles in a stream
Lower; more
Which of the following is incorrectly matched
None; all of these are correctly matched
Linear dunes and seif dunes are oriented
Parallel to the wind
Crevasses usually form as a result of
Tensional forces
Which of the following is correct regarding glacial movement
The internal flow just below the surface is greater than the basal flow
Small particles are difficult for wind to move because
They are aerodynamic and cohesive
Which of the following is correct regarding loess deposits
They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts
A single groin can produce both sand erosion and deposition.
True
Barrier islands can migrate.
True
Determining mean sea level requires measurement of tidal levels hourly for at least a period of several years.
True
During the height of the Pleistocene ice age, the glaciers extended as far south as the Ohio and Missouri river systems.
True
Permafrost is defined solely on the basis of temperature, not on the amount of water present in the ground.
True
from inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct
coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore