Biology Unit 1 Organization Review Sheet

Virchow

cells come from cells; "where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell"

Endosymbiosis Theory

certain organelles were originally free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell as endosybionts

Schwann

found all animals are also made up of cells

Schleiden

found all plants are made of cells

3 parts of the Cell Theory

1. cells are the basic structure and function of a living thing 2. all organisms (living things) are made out of cells 3. only existing cells can make new cells

Enzyme

A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

3

Cell -bacteria, animal, plant

8 characteristics of living things

Cellular Organization, Reproduction, Heredity, Growth & Development, Response to Environment, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Evolution

Ribosome

Function: Make proteins Types: Bacteria, animal, plant

Nucleus

Function: a large structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities Types: Animal, plant

Golgi Apparatus

Function: carry proteins from rough ER to Golgi for processing/modification; attaches carbohydrates & lipids to proteins & the new proteins are "packaged" in new vesticles Types: Animal, plant

Proteins

Function: control the rates of chemical reactions, chemical messengers to regulate cell processes; used to form cell membrane, bone, muscles, hair; transport substances into or out of cells Monomer: Amino Acids Example: Enzymes & Insulation

Chloroplast

Function: converts the sun's light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis Types: Plants, bacteria

Central Vacuole

Function: holds materials and wastes Types: Plant

Carbohydrates

Function: main energy source in organisms for cellular respiration; structural component in plants Monomer: Monosaccharides Example: Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Sucrose

Cytoskeleton

Function: network of protein filaments for cell structure and movement made up of microfilaments & microtubules Types: Plant

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function: no ribosomes; helps in lipid production & breakdown of toxic substances Types: Animal, plant

Cell wall

Function: provides extra support and protection; in plants, cell walls are composed of cellulose Types: Plants, bacteria

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function: shaded with ribosomes; either exports proteins from cell or sends them to the cytoplasm Types: Animal, plant

Lysosome

Function: small organelles filled with digestive enzymes; they can break down needed materials, used cell parts, pathogens, & even play a role in development Types: Animal

Lipids

Function: storage of energy, water proof coverings Monomer: Fatty Acid Example: Lara, Butter, Oil, Cholesterol

Nucleic Acids

Function: store heredity information; transmit heredity information Monomer: Nucleotides Example: RNA & DNA

Cell membrane

Function: thin, flexible semi-permeable membrane around the cell; monitors what enters and exits the cell Types: Bacteria, animal, plant

Nucleolus

Function: to rewrite ribosomal RNA & combine it with proteins Types: Animal, Plant

Mitochondria

Function: where sugar is broken down, releasing energy, producing ATP Types: Animal, plant

1

Macromolecule -protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid

5

Organ -heart, stomach

6

Organ system -Reproductive, skeletal, endocrine

2

Organelle -mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi body, lysosome, ER

4

Tissue -bone, cartilage, blood

Temperature, pH, change in shape

What are two things that affect an enzyme's ability to function properly?

Reduces activation energy, speeds up chemical reaction

What are two things that an enzyme does?

Condensation reactions

a chemical reaction that creates a polymer and releases water

Eukaryotes

have nuclei, have organelles, complex Example: Plants, animals, fungi, protists

Prokaryotes

lack nuclei, lack organelles, very simple Example: bacteria

Leeuwenhoek

simple microscope - observed living things in pond water - called livings - animalcules

Hydrolysis reaction

taking apart a polymer with water

Hooke

use 1st light microscopes to look at plant tissues - slice of cork - named cells - discovered cells