Biology Unit 2

(base) Uracil (_) can only bond with Adenine (_).

U, A

______ are lipids that form waterproof coatings for plants and animals.

Waxes

Carbohydrates are an important energy source for ____ organisms

all

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

amino acids

The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that compose carbohydrates serve as raw materials for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules, such as _____ _____ and fatty acids.

amino acids

When complex carbohydrates are consumed, the process of digestion in /animals/ breaks the bonds between larger carbohydrate molecules so that the individual simple sugars can be absorbed into the ____ and through the walls of the _____.

bloodstream, intestines

Energy is stored in the ___ that link these units together. The amount of energy stored in these bonds varies with the type of molecule formed. Not all organic molecules have the same amount of energy available for use by the organism.

bonds

An example of a common household saturated fat, usually used in baking and cooking is:

butter

Polysaccharides are

carbohydrates

The four major macromolecules are...

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Steroids can serve as the raw materials necessary for the production of some vitamins, some hormones, and cholesterol. Steroids are types of lipids with a foundational structure consisting of four ____ _____.

carbon rings

Carbohydrates are composed of ____, _____, ____.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

The bloodstream carried the simple sugars to cells throughout the body where they cross into the cells through the ____.

cell membrane

Phospholipids are found in:

cell membranes

When carbohydrates are synthesized during photosynthesis, the plants or other photosynthetic organisms use them as a source of energy or they are stored in the ___.

cells

Once inside the cells, simple sugars are used as a fuel in the process of ____, releasing energy that is stored in the form of ATP.

cellular respiration

Bases that bond are called:

complementary bases

DNA is short for ____ ____.

deoxyribonucleic acid

There are two types of nucleic acids

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Lipids are not polymers, and are a:

diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

Disaccharides are

double sugars

Lipids are an important:

energy source

____ proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions such as digestive enzymes which break down food in the digestive tract. Enzymes are unchanged by the chemical reactions and can be REUSED.

enzymatic

Nucleotides that compose nucleic acids have three parts including Cytosine (_) Guanine (_) Adenine (_)Thymine (_) (DNA ONLY)

CGAT

Nucleotides that compose nucleic acids have three parts including Cytosine (_) Guanine (_) Adenine (_) Uracil (_) (RNA ONLY)

CGAU

___ Proteins help control movements such as proteins in the muscles which help control contraction.

Contractile

Example of ____: Sugar(deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases CGAT and usually double stranded

DNA

lactose and sucrose are an example of:

Disaccharides

(base) Guanine (_) can only bond with Cytosine (_)

G, C

Guanine (_) can only bond with Cytosine (_).

G, C

Lipids are organic molecules with a basic structure composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that often bond to form fatty acids and ____.

Glycerols

____ Proteins coordinate body activities such as insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.

Hormone

Starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin are an example of:

Polysaccharides

Example of ___: sugar(ribose), nitrogenous bases CGAU and are usually single stranded

RNA

_____ proteins are used for the support such as connective tissue and keratin that forms hair and fingernails.

Structural

Thymine (_) can only bond with Adenine (_).

T, A

Proteins are involved in almost ____ _____ in the human body.

every function

Steroids are:

four fused hydrocarbon rings

Carbohydrates serve as:

fuel and building material

Proteins always have a

function

Proteins have a wide variety of ____.

functions

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of:

functions

Nucleic Acids are organic molecules that carry and transmit ___ ______.

genetic information

Basic carbohydrates are simple sugars such as ____.

glucose

Lipids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than carbohydrates, thus containing more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins, which explains why fats have a _____.

greater calorie value

The hydrophilic part of a lipid membrane is the:

head

The structure of DNA and RNA differs: DNA consists of two chains of nucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis to form a double ____. Nitrogenous bases from each strand of DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds through the axis of the ____.

helix

Nucleic acids store

hereditary or genetic information

Nucleic acids store and transmit

hereditary or genetic information

Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They consist of a phosphate group/head and fatty acid tail. The phosphate head is ____ and the fatty acid tail is ______.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Fats serve a variety of functions such as providing long-term energy storage, cushioning of vital organs, and insulation for the body. Fats are ____ in water.

insoluble

Most organic molecules are made of smaller units that bond to form _____.

larger molecules

unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature.

liquid

Length of time fats are stored in the body is a ____ time.

long

Synthesized definition:

made by bringing together different elements

Glucose and fructose are an example of:

monosaccharides

Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as

nucleotides

An example of an unsaturated fat is:

olive oil

Unsaturated fats have:

one or more double bonds

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, and they're easy to build things with. ____ molecules contain carbon atoms.

organic

All organisms are composed of ______.

organic molecules

Nucleotides that compose nucleic acids have three parts, including: a simple (____) sugar, either Deoxyribose (DNA only) or Ribose (RNA only)

pentose

A phosphate group + two fatty acids is an example of a:

phospholipid

Enzymes are what?

proteins

Enzymes, structural ___, storage ____, transport ____, hormones, receptor ___, motor ___, defensive ___ are a great example of one of the biological molecules called:

proteins

____ are molecules composed of chains of amino acids.

proteins

RNA is short for ___ ____.

ribonucleic acid

Carbohydrates are used to store energy for ____ periods of time.

short

RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides with a nitrogenous bases exposed along the ____.

side

Monosaccharides are

simple sugars

Saturated fats have ONLY:

single bonds

Saturated fats are ____ at room temperature

solid

Simple sugars can bond together to make larger, more complex carbohydrate molecules, for example: ____, ____ , or ___.

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Some Carbohydrates such as cellulose are used as a _____ _______ in plants. For most animals, foods that contain these carbohydrates are important as fiber, which stimulates the digestive system in animals.

structural material

Carbohydrates provide raw materials and serve as ______ in many organisms.

structural molecules

Carbohydrates are _____ and ______.

sugars and starches

Amino acids are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes _____.

sulfur

The hydrophobic part of a lipid membrane is the:

tail

_____ proteins move many substances throughout the body. An example is the hemoglobin that transports oxygen fro the lungs to the other parts of the body to be used by cells in cellular respiration.

transport

Dipeptides are:

2 amino acids