Biology Unit 2
(base) Uracil (_) can only bond with Adenine (_).
U, A
______ are lipids that form waterproof coatings for plants and animals.
Waxes
Carbohydrates are an important energy source for ____ organisms
all
Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
amino acids
The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that compose carbohydrates serve as raw materials for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules, such as _____ _____ and fatty acids.
amino acids
When complex carbohydrates are consumed, the process of digestion in /animals/ breaks the bonds between larger carbohydrate molecules so that the individual simple sugars can be absorbed into the ____ and through the walls of the _____.
bloodstream, intestines
Energy is stored in the ___ that link these units together. The amount of energy stored in these bonds varies with the type of molecule formed. Not all organic molecules have the same amount of energy available for use by the organism.
bonds
An example of a common household saturated fat, usually used in baking and cooking is:
butter
Polysaccharides are
carbohydrates
The four major macromolecules are...
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Steroids can serve as the raw materials necessary for the production of some vitamins, some hormones, and cholesterol. Steroids are types of lipids with a foundational structure consisting of four ____ _____.
carbon rings
Carbohydrates are composed of ____, _____, ____.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
The bloodstream carried the simple sugars to cells throughout the body where they cross into the cells through the ____.
cell membrane
Phospholipids are found in:
cell membranes
When carbohydrates are synthesized during photosynthesis, the plants or other photosynthetic organisms use them as a source of energy or they are stored in the ___.
cells
Once inside the cells, simple sugars are used as a fuel in the process of ____, releasing energy that is stored in the form of ATP.
cellular respiration
Bases that bond are called:
complementary bases
DNA is short for ____ ____.
deoxyribonucleic acid
There are two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Lipids are not polymers, and are a:
diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Disaccharides are
double sugars
Lipids are an important:
energy source
____ proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions such as digestive enzymes which break down food in the digestive tract. Enzymes are unchanged by the chemical reactions and can be REUSED.
enzymatic
Nucleotides that compose nucleic acids have three parts including Cytosine (_) Guanine (_) Adenine (_)Thymine (_) (DNA ONLY)
CGAT
Nucleotides that compose nucleic acids have three parts including Cytosine (_) Guanine (_) Adenine (_) Uracil (_) (RNA ONLY)
CGAU
___ Proteins help control movements such as proteins in the muscles which help control contraction.
Contractile
Example of ____: Sugar(deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases CGAT and usually double stranded
DNA
lactose and sucrose are an example of:
Disaccharides
(base) Guanine (_) can only bond with Cytosine (_)
G, C
Guanine (_) can only bond with Cytosine (_).
G, C
Lipids are organic molecules with a basic structure composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that often bond to form fatty acids and ____.
Glycerols
____ Proteins coordinate body activities such as insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.
Hormone
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin are an example of:
Polysaccharides
Example of ___: sugar(ribose), nitrogenous bases CGAU and are usually single stranded
RNA
_____ proteins are used for the support such as connective tissue and keratin that forms hair and fingernails.
Structural
Thymine (_) can only bond with Adenine (_).
T, A
Proteins are involved in almost ____ _____ in the human body.
every function
Steroids are:
four fused hydrocarbon rings
Carbohydrates serve as:
fuel and building material
Proteins always have a
function
Proteins have a wide variety of ____.
functions
Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of:
functions
Nucleic Acids are organic molecules that carry and transmit ___ ______.
genetic information
Basic carbohydrates are simple sugars such as ____.
glucose
Lipids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than carbohydrates, thus containing more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins, which explains why fats have a _____.
greater calorie value
The hydrophilic part of a lipid membrane is the:
head
The structure of DNA and RNA differs: DNA consists of two chains of nucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis to form a double ____. Nitrogenous bases from each strand of DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds through the axis of the ____.
helix
Nucleic acids store
hereditary or genetic information
Nucleic acids store and transmit
hereditary or genetic information
Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They consist of a phosphate group/head and fatty acid tail. The phosphate head is ____ and the fatty acid tail is ______.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Fats serve a variety of functions such as providing long-term energy storage, cushioning of vital organs, and insulation for the body. Fats are ____ in water.
insoluble
Most organic molecules are made of smaller units that bond to form _____.
larger molecules
unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature.
liquid
Length of time fats are stored in the body is a ____ time.
long
Synthesized definition:
made by bringing together different elements
Glucose and fructose are an example of:
monosaccharides
Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as
nucleotides
An example of an unsaturated fat is:
olive oil
Unsaturated fats have:
one or more double bonds
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, and they're easy to build things with. ____ molecules contain carbon atoms.
organic
All organisms are composed of ______.
organic molecules
Nucleotides that compose nucleic acids have three parts, including: a simple (____) sugar, either Deoxyribose (DNA only) or Ribose (RNA only)
pentose
A phosphate group + two fatty acids is an example of a:
phospholipid
Enzymes are what?
proteins
Enzymes, structural ___, storage ____, transport ____, hormones, receptor ___, motor ___, defensive ___ are a great example of one of the biological molecules called:
proteins
____ are molecules composed of chains of amino acids.
proteins
RNA is short for ___ ____.
ribonucleic acid
Carbohydrates are used to store energy for ____ periods of time.
short
RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides with a nitrogenous bases exposed along the ____.
side
Monosaccharides are
simple sugars
Saturated fats have ONLY:
single bonds
Saturated fats are ____ at room temperature
solid
Simple sugars can bond together to make larger, more complex carbohydrate molecules, for example: ____, ____ , or ___.
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Some Carbohydrates such as cellulose are used as a _____ _______ in plants. For most animals, foods that contain these carbohydrates are important as fiber, which stimulates the digestive system in animals.
structural material
Carbohydrates provide raw materials and serve as ______ in many organisms.
structural molecules
Carbohydrates are _____ and ______.
sugars and starches
Amino acids are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes _____.
sulfur
The hydrophobic part of a lipid membrane is the:
tail
_____ proteins move many substances throughout the body. An example is the hemoglobin that transports oxygen fro the lungs to the other parts of the body to be used by cells in cellular respiration.
transport
Dipeptides are:
2 amino acids