Biomedical Pharmacology Exam 2

How long after ingestion do the effects of LSD begin to appear?

15-60 minutes

Misperceiving a rope as a threatening snake is an example of:

An illusion (mistaken perception of real stimuli)

When a person who has been drinking can only partially recall the events that occurred after they began drinking, this is known as a:

Brown out

Of the following semi-synthetic/synthetic opiate drugs, which is not the correct match with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it?

C. Diacetylmorphine/Suboxone Suboxone is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone

Candy flipping refers to:

Combining LSD and ecstasy

Prolonged use of MDMA has what effect on sexual function

Decreased orgasm in women Sexual arousal in men

Which of the following alkaloids are found in the sap of the poppy seedpod?

Morphine and codeine

Which of the following is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose?

Naloxone

Which chemicals are most responsible for the psychedelic effects of magic mushrooms?

Psilocin and psilocybin

Which of the following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

Selective tolerance to some effects but not to toxic effects Misperception that prescription medications are safer than street drugs Ignorance of addictive/synergistic effects of sedative-hypnotics

"Nociceptive" means pain caused by:

Stimulation of specific pain receptors, mostly external noxious stimuli (heat, cold, etc...) External stimuli of pain receptors

Which of the following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan?

Stress of years of war and combat Availability of prescription opiates like hydrocodone and oxycodone Availability of heroin Post traumatic stress

Which of the following statements are characteristic of the phenylalkylamine psychedelics peyote and MDMA?

Takes several hours to reach their peak Have stimulant properties similar to amphetamine

Which of the following statements are true about the effects of ketamine and PCP?

They are both mentally dissociative Effects last about 1-6 hours

Which of the following most accurately describes the addiction profile for psychedelics such as psilocybin mushrooms, LSD and peyote?

They do not generally produce compulsive, drug-seeking behavior and are not considered addictive

How long can withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone persist?

36-72 hours after cessation, reaches peak in 4-6 days and may persist for 14 days or more 14 DAYS OR MORE

Approximately how long do the effects of LSD last?

6-8 hours

Which of the following designations characterizes All Arounders?

Hallucinogens and psychedelics

Which of the following physical factors affect the rate at which an individual's liver can metabolize alcohol?

Heredity Race/ethnicity Gender

Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates or benzodiazepines?

Increases risk for respiratory depression, lethargy, possible overdose and death A. Combination use of downers results in additive/synergistic depressed effects

Which of the following statements is true?

MOST heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opiates

The effect an All Arounder has on the user depends on which of the following factors?

User's "mind set" "Physical setting" "Amount taken"

Which of the following statements is true?

B. Tolerance to opiates develops rapidly with users being able to tolerate great amounts in just a few days. There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop.

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drug's effects. Considering this fact, which of the following symptoms would be expected from opiate withdrawal?

C. 1,2,3 Bone, joint and muscular pain Insomnia and anxiety High blood pressure, rapid pulse and tachycardia

Alcohol addiction is defined and characterized by which of the following?

C. 1,2,3 Compulsion to drink alcohol Inability to stop drinking once started Continued use despite major life dysfunction

Which of the following statements is true regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system?

C. 2,3,4 Releases a surge of pleasure that encourages repetition of behaviors intended primarily for survival It is largely responsible for drives to have sex, eat and drink It is activated by dopamine

Which of the following drinking patterns increases the risk of becoming an alcoholic for a person under age 65?

C. All of the above More than 4 drinks per day for men More than 3 drinks per day for women 14 or more drinks per week for men 7 or more drinks a week for women

Which of the following statements concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs are true?

D. 1,2,3,4 As tolerance to depressants develops, the user develops tolerance to other downers As tissue dependence develops, the user develops dependence on other drugs in the same chemical family As tolerance develops, the user can develop tolerance to drugs in different chemical families As tissue dependence develops, the user can develop dependence to drugs in other families

When large amounts of alcohol are consumed more rapidly than the body can process and metabolize it, which of the following may occur?

D. All of the above Alcohol poisoning Unconsciousness Respiratory/cardiac failure Coma and death

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?

Depressants decrease rate of breathing, blood pressure and heart rate

Which of the following are visual indications that a person may be on MDMA?

Dilated pupils Twitching eyelids

Which of the following would speed up the absorption rate of alcohol?

Increasing quantity consumed or drinking rate Drinking on an empty stomach Using high alcohol concentrates Using carbonated drinks as mixers Warming/heating the alcohol

Which types of psychedelics exert most of their effects through serotonin receptors?

Indole alkaloids

A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ________ and is located in the ________ and the ______________.

Alcohol dehydrogenase; stomach; liver

Ketamine is most similar to which drug?

PCP

Needing a dose of a drug just to feel normal is a sign of tolerance. True or false?

True, when a heroin abuser stops, the body cannot produce enough dopamine which results in diminished ability to feel normal

Which of the following is the correctly ordered progression for levels of alcohol use?

1. Abstention 2. Experimentation 3. Social/recreational 4. Habituation 5. Abuse 6. Addiction

The hallucinogenic effects of salvia divinorum lasts for:

30 minutes

The life span of a chronic high-dose drinker is:

9-22 years shorter than that of the general population

According to Uppers, Downers, All Arounders and the American Society of Addiction Medicine, alcoholism is:

A treatable illness Chronic disease, influenced by genetic factors and environmental factors

Which of the following statements are true about the way opioids affect the brain's neurochemistry?

A. 1, 2 Opioids act like endorphins Opioids can block substance P

Alcohol is categorized as which of the following?

A. 1, 3 A drug A depressant or downer

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include which of the following?

B. 1,2,3 OTC and look alike downers; antihistamines Skeletal muscle relaxants Sedative-hypnotics; benzodiazepines

Binge drinking causes the most problems and is defined as:

C. Both A and B Five or more drinks for men in one sitting Four of more drinks for woman in one sitting

The following symptoms are indicative of what alcohol-related conditions? Symptoms: rapid pulse, sweating, increased body temperature, hand tremors, anxiety, depression, insomnia and nausea/vomiting

C. Both A and B Moderate alcohol withdrawal Hangover

High dose alcohol affects the CNS by ________________ its function. At higher blood alcohol levels, this leads to _______________ heart rate and breathing.

C. Decreasing; decreased

Chronic heavy drinking can contribute to which of the following diseases

D. All of the above Cancer of the stomach/esophagus Malnutrition Hypertension Cardiac arrhythmias

PCP is particularly dangerous because it has which of the following effects?

Depersonalization Aggressiveness Violent behavior

Which of the following would slow the rate of alcohol absorption?

Eating before or while drinking (milk, meat, cheese, fatty foods) Diluting drink with ice, water or juice

Easy access to alcohol, a permissive societal view of drinking, unsafe living conditions, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare and drug recovery programs are examples of what factors associated with increased alcohol use?

Environmental

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to:

Exaggerated reaction to Polydrug use When two or more drugs interact in a way that magnifies the effects and side effects on the CNS

The mental effects of LSD, psilocybin mushrooms and other indole psychedelics result from:

Interactions with the brain's serotonin receptors and subsequent down regulation of serotonin receptors

Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

Opiates/opioids Sedative-hypnotics Alcohol

Sustiva is a prescription medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that is also diverted and smoked for its:

Psychedelic effects: Lightheadedness Dizziness Vivid dreams Hallucinations Depersonalization Relaxation Forgetfulness

The effects experienced after the use of indole psychedelics are caused by disruptions in which of the following neurotransmitters?

Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine

Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life-threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics. True or false?

True, heroin withdrawal is almost never life-threatening, but it is uncomfortable, painful and produces anxiety

The variation in people's reaction to alcohol is due in part to heredity factors that affect how efficiently the body metabolizes alcohol. True or false?

True, varying availability of ADH and ALDH due to heredity factors that account for variations in reactions.

The effects of alcohol __________ negative emotions such as loneliness, depression and anger.

Deepen

Every state defines the legal limit for driving while intoxicated (whether or not the driver can function) as a blood concentration of:

0.08%

What is the usual current strength of LSD street samples?

20-80 micrograms

The names of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol. State on that differs based on gender.

ADH and ALDH are enzymes that metabolize alcohol. Women however have less of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme.

Psychedelics affect people pretty much the same like other drugs. True or false?

False. Effects are highly influenced by past use, expectations, "mind set", physical setting and many other factors.

Which of the following statements is true about cirrhosis?

Serious, progressive liver disease that scars the liver; often caused by heavy and chronic alcohol abuse. * It is caused by the toxic effects of alcohol, free radicals and acetaldehyde

Synesthesia is defined as the crossing of senses, such as when visual input becomes sound. True or false?

This is true, the sensory pathways are overloaded which can confuse a user into thinking music is on a visual pathway.

On average, the body can metabolize and eliminate one ounce of pure alcohol (the equivalent of about 1.5 standard drinks) in what time frame?

Three hours

Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to _____________ that is experienced during long-term use of opiates used to treat pain.

Painful stimuli

Treatment for addiction to opiates, including synthetics and semi-synthetics, is most successful when which of the following are included?

Physical detoxification Psychological correction Medication/replacement therapy Participation in a recovery community