BIOPSYCH CH. 8 Sleep & Wakefulness
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?
90 minutes
During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.
REM sleep
PGO waves are associated with ____.
REM sleep
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
a high level of brain activity
An electroencephalograph displays ____.
a net average of all the neurons' potentials
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____.
about a day
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.
are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?
being obese
What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?
consistently feeling sleepy during the day
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.
expose them to bright lights while they work
Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.
exposure of the eyes to light
What does endogenous mean?
generated from within
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
hypnagogic hallucinations
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____.
hypothalamus
Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____.
increased in both the pons and the limbic system
What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?
it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is ____.
jetlag
Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?
keeping the room light when you need to stay awake
The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.
melatonin
Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.
memory
The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?
men who are overweight
People with REM behavior disorder ____.
move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____.
narcolepsy
In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.
norepinephrine
Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?
periods without breathing during sleeping
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
relaxed wakefulness
A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.
retinohypothalamic
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
sleep
Another aspect of sleep's contribution to memory relates to:
sleep spindles
Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.
stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.
staying awake
What is narcolepsy?
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?
the more total of sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep
Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.
vegetative
What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?
wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.
pontomesencephalon
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.
slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.
block histamine
Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?
a clinico-anatomical hypothesis
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____.
acting out our dreams
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.
almost completely inactive during sleep
What does cataplexy involve?
an attack of muscle weakness while awake
If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.
continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed?
difficulty falling asleep
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.
occur during NREM sleep
Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____.
periodic limb disorder
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are characteristic of which sleep stage?
stage 2
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.
stages 3 and 4
When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?
travel to the west is easier