BIOPSYCH CH. 8 Sleep & Wakefulness

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?

90 minutes

During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.

REM sleep

PGO waves are associated with ____.

REM sleep

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

a high level of brain activity

An electroencephalograph displays ____.

a net average of all the neurons' potentials

Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____.

about a day

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.

are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?

being obese

What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?

consistently feeling sleepy during the day

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.

expose them to bright lights while they work

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.

exposure of the eyes to light

What does endogenous mean?

generated from within

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

hypnagogic hallucinations

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____.

hypothalamus

Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____.

increased in both the pons and the limbic system

What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?

it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is ____.

jetlag

Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?

keeping the room light when you need to stay awake

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

melatonin

Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.

memory

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?

men who are overweight

People with REM behavior disorder ____.

move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams

Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____.

narcolepsy

In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.

norepinephrine

Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?

periods without breathing during sleeping

Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?

relaxed wakefulness

A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.

retinohypothalamic

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?

sleep

Another aspect of sleep's contribution to memory relates to:

sleep spindles

Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.

stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.

staying awake

What is narcolepsy?

sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?

the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?

the more total of sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep

Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.

vegetative

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?

wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming

One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.

pontomesencephalon

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.

slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.

block histamine

Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?

a clinico-anatomical hypothesis

It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____.

acting out our dreams

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.

almost completely inactive during sleep

What does cataplexy involve?

an attack of muscle weakness while awake

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed?

difficulty falling asleep

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.

occur during NREM sleep

Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____.

periodic limb disorder

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are characteristic of which sleep stage?

stage 2

Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.

stages 3 and 4

When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?

travel to the west is easier