Biotech Final

Culture

growing bacteria on a biological medium

What industrial biotech process is used to produce sustainable fuels? enzymes biorefining gene editing synthetic biology

synthetic biology

Bioterrorism

terrorism involving the release of toxic biological agents.

When was Mendel's work first widely recognized? 1900 1866 1905 1944

1900

Glycerol

A sugar alcohol used in the production of cordite.

Biomass

Biological Food source used to fuel chemical reaction or production

DNA sequencing

Determining the order of A, G, C, T, in a DNA molecule.

Companies like 23andMe and other gene-sequencing agencies are regulated by which federal agency? EPA USDA NIH FDA

FDA

What is the main difference between a product that is approved for investigational use and one approved for commercial sale? which agency approved it who developed it what it does who it may be sold to

who it may be sold to

What is the greatest difference between biotech drugs and traditional drugs? Biotech drugs are more effective. Biotech drugs are easier to commercialize. Biotech drugs use microorganisms. Biotech drugs are less expensive.

Biotech drugs use microorganisms.

Priya says that two federal agencies that still have significant areas of overlapping responsibility are the FDA and the USDA. Which point BEST supports her observation? Both agencies oversee the safety of our drugs. Both agencies oversee the safety of food. The FDA has primary oversight in many areas. The USDA has primary control of APHIS, not the FDA.

Both agencies oversee the safety of food.

CAR-T

CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cells) uses the body's "T" cells to harness the immune system to fight cancer

renewable chemicals and polymers

Chemicals produced from renewable feedstock such as microorganisms, biomass (plant, animal, and marine), and agricultural raw materials

Ethanol

Distilled or drinking alcohol

Regulatory Submissions

Documents submitted to regulatory agencies like the FDA, EPA, and USDA for approval of products and technologies

Agricultural biotech, or agritech, represents the largest market sector of biotech. True False

False

The genotype is the visible expression of a gene. True False

False

The grid used to illustrate the inheritability of traits is called a Mendel square. True False

False

What is Mendel's First Law known as? First Law of Dominance First Law of Alleles First Law of Segregation First Law of Independent Assortment

First Law of Segregation

Alleles are: Chromosomes. genetic variances. genes. DNA.

Genetic variances

Catalyze

Helping a chemical reaction occur more quickly and efficiently.

Anaerobic bacterial Fermentation

A chemical reaction fueled by bacteria without the presence of oxygen.

Pure line.

A variety of the plant that breeds true, without hybridization

Abe Fermentation

Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation, driven by the bacteria

Phenotype

All expressed, observable genes.

Genotype

All internally coded DNA or genetic material.

Regulation

An authoritative rule dealing with details, procedure, rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law.

When the United States entered World War I, ABE fermentation was moved to the United States and molasses became the primary biomass for the process. What does this fact MOST illustrate about ABE fermentation? It can use a variety of biological food sources. It requires some form of sugar as a food source. It can be adapted and utilized in any location. It was not a very difficult process to replicate.

It can use a variety of biological food sources.

What was the main problem with the way glycerol was produced in the first half of the 20th century? It was still produced by the soap industry. The production process had not been industrialized. It could not be produced in sufficient quantities. The users required more refined, pure glycerol.

It could not be produced in sufficient quantities.

According to NASEM, what was the main problem with the federal government's definition of biotechnology? It did not distinguish environmental chemicals and pesticides. It was overly specific to human and animal drugs. It differed among the federal regulatory agencies. It did not cover genetically modified or genetically engineered foods.

It differed among the federal regulatory agencies.

How did the classical period of biotechnology MOST change the commercial production of foods? It led to new uses of biotechnology to produce unfermented foods. Foods previously fermented with yeast were fermented with bacteria. It reduced waste and enabled new food products to be developed. Foods began to be made with synthetic yeasts, bacteria, and ingredients.

It reduced waste and enabled new food products to be developed.

Chakrii is surprised to learn that regulatory specialists for biotech companies often obtain a Regulatory Affairs Certification (RAC). What can Chakrii MOST infer about the regulatory process from these facts? It is incredibly expensive for companies. It requires considerable expertise. It is more difficult for the companies than the agencies. It is a good career for people with medical degrees.

It requires considerable expertise.

Fermenters

Large, controlled fermentation chambers.

Who cultured the bacteria responsible for milk spoilage? Lister Weitzman  Buchner Traube

Lister

Animals

Living creatures that feed on organic matter

Mia and Irini are debating the role of society in regulation. Mia says that investors and stockholders play an important role in funding new product development. Irini says that there is also a potential downside or problem with their involvement. What is Irini MOST likely referring to? Many people may lose money if the product does not obtain approval. Many people will try to control the development and regulatory processes. Only investors and stockholders will benefit from the innovative product. Only innovations that seem the most profitable will be developed.

Only innovations that seem the most profitable will be developed.

Eukaryotic

Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles.

Regenerative Medicine

Process of creating living, functional tissues to repair or replace tissue or organ function through the use of stem cells.

Enzymes

Protein-like particles that catalyze chemical reactions

translational medicine

Rapidly growing area of biomedical research whose objective is to expedite the discovery of new diagnostic tools and treatments by using a multi-disciplinary, highly collaborative "bench-to-bedside" approach

Denaturing

Separating the DNA double helix into two single strands of DNA.

Clinical Trials

Structured and supervised studies of a product on humans or animals.

Cell

The basic building block for all living things.

National Academies for Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM)

The collective scientific national academy of the United States.

What can MOST be inferred from the fact that the brewing and wine industries funded Louis Pasteur's research on alcohol fermentation? The companies wanted to prevent their beverages from spoiling. The companies wanted to expand into producing bread from yeast. The companies still had difficulties producing alcoholic beverages. The companies were considering switching to lactic acid fermentation.

The companies wanted to prevent their beverages from spoiling.

Control Group

The research subjects tracked without changing variables

Extension

The single strand of DNA is paired with the polymerase to create a sort of second chain of DNA, once again creating a double helix.

Double Helix

The spiraling ladder shape of DNA

If many biotechnology companies approach product development by taking the path of least resistance, why is this likely to have a negative impact on society? They will only develop products that regulatory agencies ask for. They will develop new products more slowly or with less urgency. The easiest products to commercialize are usually the most expensive. The least-regulated products are likely to be the least innovative.

They will develop new products more slowly or with less urgency.

Chromosome

Tightly packed DNA

Why is there only about 1 percent genetic variation between different people today? We are relatively simple organisms. We are very similar to other organisms. We are a relatively young species. We all evolved from common ancestors.

We all evolved from common ancestors.

Segregate

When gene pairs separate during meiosis

Annealing

When the primers pare up with the single strand of DNA

Statute

Written law

Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)

a department of the US government with a broad mandate to advise the president on the effects of science and technology on domestic and international affairs

CRISPR

a genetic engineering tool that uses a sequence of DNA and its associated protein to edit the base pairs of a gene.

T cell

a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.

MIcroorganism

a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus.

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

a multi-faceted agency with a broad mission area that includes protecting and promoting US agricultural health, regulating genetically engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act, and carrying out wildlife damage management activities

tissue engineering

a part of regenerative medicine that evolved from the field of biomaterials development and refers to the practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional tissues

post market surveillance

a process of monitoring over time for adverse effects or even side effects

What is glycerol?  an enzyme used to make soap and toiletry items a sugar alcohol often used in foods and soaps a type of yeast necessary for fermentation a bacterium that produces alcohol

a sugar alcohol often used in foods and soaps

MedLinePlus

a web-based library information service of the US Library of Medicine

agritech

alternative term for agricultural biotech

National Strategy for Modernizing the Regulatory Framework

an effort established in 2015 to modernize and update the regulation of biotechnology

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

an independent agency of the US federal covering with oversight of food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

an independent agency of the US federal government that oversees biotechnology-derived plant or microbial pesticides or new chemical substances.

The food and drug administration (FDA)

an independent agency of the US federal government that regulates drugs for human or animal use, food safety, biologics for human use, and medical devices.

What gives DNA its famous double helix or ladder-like structure? supercoiled adenine strands twisted together alternating blocks of haploids and diploids base pairs of nucleotides that are like rungs chains of nucleotides that are like side rails

base pairs of nucleotides that are like rungs

Pandemics

disease or diseases occuring over a wide geographic area and affecting large portions of populations

biodefense

drugs used to counter bioterrorism attacks

What is the MOST likely purpose or application of translational medicine? helping doctors to understand new biotechnology applications enabling more patients to have experimental treatments or drugs sharing discoveries in medical biotechnology with doctors worldwide allowing patients to provide constructive feedback to researchers

enabling more patients to have experimental treatments or drugs

Industrial enzymes

enzymes used in the production or processing of products from biomass and in biomaterials

What product of fermentation was used as an engine fuel for vehicles throughout World War I? acetone butanol ethanol glycerol

ethanol

Louis Pasteur was the first to culture a population of a single species of bacteria. True False

false

Biofuels

fuels from living matter and an application of biotechnology

biofuels

fuels produced from biological products including agricultural products, animal waste, forest materials.

What does the approval of StarLink™ corn for animals and its subsequent use for humans MOST illustrate about the federal regulation of biotechnology? why stricter regulations are needed for genetically modified products why the approval of biotech products should be done in stages how the FDA can miss genetically modified ingredients in food products how biotech products can cross regulatory agency boundaries

how biotech products can cross regulatory agency boundaries

Premarket

includes the phase of product development prior to submission of a product for regulatory assessment or entry into the marketplace

Camila says that biotechnology research and development play an important role in maintaining national security. What action of the US government BEST supports her observation? its use of environmental biotech to clean up pollution its funding of agricultural biotech to feed the military its use of industrial biotech products in military invasions its funding for drugs that protect against bioterrorism

its funding for drugs that protect against bioterrorism

Akilah says that governments probably financed most of the 20th-century biotechnology research because of the many products needed to conduct war. What other source of funding was MOST important during this century? scientific departments of universities major manufacturers and industry groups large hospitals and medical institutions private, independently wealthy donors

major manufacturers and industry groups

Fungi

molds, yeasts, and mushrooms, identified by a lack of chloroplast and an inability to move.

Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology

part if the federal system for evaluating products developed using modern biotechnology

Regulatory specialist

professionals. generally scientists or engineers with advanced degrees, who prepare documents for submission for clearance or approval to federal agencies.

Today's scientists know that some genes located next to each other, on the same chromosome, are linked and thus often inherited together. For example, people with red hair often also have freckles. Which of Mendel's laws is directly challenged by this discovery? the Law of Segregation the Law of Independent Assortment the Law of Dominance the Law of Randomization

the Law of Independent Assortment

What government agency was the driving force behind research and funding advances in US agricultural biotechnology? the FDA the EPA the USDA the NASEM

the USDA

Biotechnology Regulatory Services (BRS)

the USDA agency that is responsible for implementing Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) regulations for certain genetically engineered (GE) organisms that may pose a risk to plant health

locomotion

the ability to move

Government regulations must be balanced with all of the following, EXCEPT: the desire to grow private profits. the desire for technologies to advance. the risk of inhibiting commerce or trade. the risk of discouraging innovation.

the desire to grow private profits.

Post-market

the phase when the product is available to consumers or businesses

Immunotherapy

the prevention or treatment of disease with substances that stimulate the immune response.

What is the most common DNA sequencing process still in use today? polymerase chain reaction the Sanger method chain-termination the Boveri technique

the sanger method

What 1953 discovery prompted the rapid expansion and development of modern biotechnology? the existence of molecular biomarkers the three-dimensional structure of DNA the process of fermentation with yeast the application of CAR-T and CRISPR

the three-dimensional structure of DNA

Gene Therapy

the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

Consider Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments on pea flower colors. In the 1:2:1 ratio for the  second generation (F2), what does the number 2 represent if there are four plants total?   the two purple genes in each of the plants the two white plants with one purple gene each the two purple plants that each have one gene for each color the two white genes within the gene pool for all four plants

the two purple plants that each have one gene for each color

What does the prefix bio in the word biofuels MOST refer to? the use of fuels from dead organisms and decomposed organic materials the use of agricultural products, animal waste, and/or forest materials their low impact on people, wildlife, and the environment their dependence on enzymes or bacteria for anaerobic "digestion"

the use of agricultural products, animal waste, and/or forest materials

Biotech and regular, synthetic polymers are chemicals used in a wide range of everyday products, from plastic grocery bags and water bottles to auto parts and toys. What MOST likely makes biotech polymers more sustainable than regular polymers? the biorefining process the gene editing process the use of renewable materials the use of enzymes

the use of renewable materials

Biotech detergents, contact lens solutions, and meat tenderizers all leverage fermentation and the enzymes produced by yeast as active ingredients. What is the main action or general purpose of the enzymes in these products? to lower temperatures to remove other chemicals to kill surface bacteria to dissolve proteins and fats

to dissolve proteins and fats

Christian says that the 1986 publication "Coordinated Framework of the Regulation of Biotechnology" was updated in 1992 to keep pace with the recent developments in the biotech industry. What was the actual reason for the update? to identify which agencies had oversight authority in which areas to replace traditional drugs and therapies with more innovative ones to eliminate gaps in oversight and uncertainty over agencies' roles to better promote innovation and support commercialization

to eliminate gaps in oversight and uncertainty over agencies' roles

ABE fermentation was invented during World War I. True False

true