Biotechnology (Ch. 10, 11 and 12)

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. single-stranded DNA single-stranded RNA double-stranded DNA double-stranded RNA none of the above

single-stranded RNA

Viruses that infect bacteria are ______. bacteriophages retroviruses enveloped viruses proviruses emerging viruses

bacteriophages

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. size quantity charge sequence

size

In frogs, when the nucleus of an intestinal cell of a tadpole is transferred to an egg whose nucleus has been removed (nuclear transplantation), some of the eggs will develop into normal tadpoles. This demonstrates __________. that frogs have meristematic cells that differentiated cells have retained all of their genetic potential that intestinal cells are not differentiated that frogs have large eggs that these cells could not dedifferentiate

that differentiated cells have retained all of their genetic potential

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments because ______. the DNA fragments have different lengths of the consistency of the gel double stranded moves slower than single stranded DNA of the salt concentration in the gel matrix of ratios of guanine to cytosine

the DNA fragments have different lengths

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? cellular differentiation regeneration cleavage carcinogenesis morphology

cellular differentiation

Using a cell taken from a multicellular organism to grow a genetically identical new organism is called _____. dedifferentiation cloning differentiation regeneration transplantation

cloning

Which of the following choices best defines "recombinant DNA technology"? an independent assortment of alternate alleles combining alternate alleles on the same chromosome cloning genes from homologous pairs of chromosomes combining genes from different species manipulated crossing over

combining genes from different species

Restriction enzymes __________________________. copy DNA cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences restrict access to the DNA of a cell bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences

cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

What is the source of a viral envelope? host cell DNA prophages provirus host cell membrane viral glycoproteins

host cell membrane

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______. HGH SCID CF RFLP humulin

humulin

One of the most difficult ethical issues related to DNA technology is the question, __________. "Should we use genomics to cure cancer?" "How do we use PCR in medical decisions?" "How do we prevent genetic information from being used in a discriminatory manner?" "Should we force the sale and use of GM crops?" "Should tax revenues be used to fund future work on the Human Genome Project?"

"How do we prevent genetic information from being used in a discriminatory manner?"

Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______. the safety of GM foods the appropriateness of creating new plants, animals, and microorganisms the potential for interfering in evolution the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases all of the above

All of the above

What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? The use of embryonic stem cells raises fewer ethical issues than the use of adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are easier to grow in culture. Embryonic stem cells are harder to isolate than are adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated. It is easier to enucleate embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.

Recombinant DNA technology has provided a mechanism for nonhuman cells to produce _____. sheep restriction enzymes probes DNA fingerprints human proteins

Human proteins

What is the function of reverse transcriptase? It catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide from an RNA template. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template. It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template. It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. restriction enzyme bacterium genetically modified organism plasmid

Plasmid

Why, of all cell types, do embryonic stem cells (ES cells) have the greatest potential for use in the treatment of disease? They are impervious to carcinogens. It is adult stem cells, not embryonic stem cells, that have the greatest potential for the treatment of disease. They are larger and thus easier to work with than other cells. They are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into all of the different specialized cells of the body. They are the most highly differentiated of all cell types.

They are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into all of the different specialized cells of the body.

Archaeologists unearthed a human skull with a small dried fragment of the scalp still attached. They extracted a tiny amount of DNA from the scalp tissue. How could they obtain sufficient DNA for an analysis of the ancient human's genes? Subject the specimen to amniocentesis. Use the polymerase chain reaction. Subject the DNA to electrophoresis. Subject the DNA to restriction enzymes. Use a nucleic acid probe.

Use the polymerase chain reaction.

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin Dolly, the cloned sheep a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization

a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

Gene therapy involves __________. allowing individuals to follow the natural progression of a genetic disorder, accompanied by psychological counseling, then treating with drugs only when the condition becomes life-threatening adding a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual no serious ethical questions replacing organs affected with genetic disorders by transplants treatment with drugs that mutate genes

adding a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual

Possible uses of reproductive cloning include_____. the production of potentially valuable drugs the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans restocking populations of endangered animals the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation all of the above.

all of the above

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic animal? an animal containing genes from three or more species an animal containing genes from both its parents an animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele an animal containing a gene from a another species an animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy

an animal containing a gene from another species

Although all of the cells in your body contain a complete set of DNA, different types of cells arise because__________. they contain different chromosomes they contain different sets of genes different genes are switched on and off in each type of cell they contain different operons they are differentiated

different genes are switched on and off in each type of cell

DNA testing (profiling) can be used to determine guilt or innocence of a person suspected of a crime because __________. a DNA database containing the DNA profile of every U.S. citizen is available ethical issues are not involved in DNA technology every person has a unique DNA sequence a jury is less likely to impose a strict sentence when an individual is convicted using DNA profiling DNA strands cannot be separated

every person has a unique DNA sequence

Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations. somatic immune gametic pancreatic intestinal

gametic

Insurance companies having access to genetic information is potentially problematic because __________. they will try to find their own cures to certain diseases insurance companies are unethical they may not understand it it may encourage discrimination against people with certain genes they may withhold medical treatment

it may encourage discrimination against people with certain genes

Because there are potential risks associated with the use of biotechnology in agriculture, __________. biotechnology should be limited to efforts to improve human health techniques that facilitate the development of new strategies for GM foods should be outlawed consumers should reject the use of GM foods the U.S. government should ban the development of GM foods potential risks associated with biotechnology should be evaluated by a variety of U.S. regulatory agencies

potential risks associated with biotechnology should be evaluated by a variety of U.S. regulatory agencies

What enzyme is responsible for the process seen here? RNA polymerase DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase endonuclease DNA ligase

reverse transcriptase

Electrophoresis is used to __________. amplify small DNA samples to obtain enough for analysis clone genes cut DNA into fragments separate fragments of DNA match a gene with its function

separate fragments of DNA

DNA profiles are used to determine whether Sam could be the father of Becky's baby. Sam is not the father if _____ genetic profile shows some bands not present in _____ genetic profile. Becky's ... the baby's Sam's ... the baby's the baby's ... Sam's the baby's ... Sam's or Becky's the baby's ... Becky's

the baby's ... Sam's or Becky's

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________. the polymerase chain reaction short tandem repeats recombinant DNA gel electrophoresis

the polymerase chain reaction

Opponents of genetically modified foods are concerned about a variety of issues, including __________. getting the foods approved in the United States the increase of genetic variability the taste of transgenic plants genomes becoming too large the possibility that transgenic plants may cross-pollinate with wild strains, introducing foreign genes

the possibility that transgenic plants may cross-pollinate with wild strains, introducing foreign genes

Sequencing the DNA of organisms such as fruit flies and yeast is useful because __________. they have uracil instead of thymine in their DNA they have many genes that are similar to those of humans most cancer research is done using yeast cells they have the same number of chromosomes as human cells their DNA sequence is identical to that of humans

they have many genes that are similar to those of humans

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. replication infection translation lysis transcription

transcription