Bisc 102 Unit 4 Study Guide

HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of

helper T cells

If, for a study, you wanted to cause blood vessel dilation and swelling to mimic effects of innate immunity, you would want to inject

histamine

Kidney stones are calcium-rich crystals that form inside the kidney and can be triggered by dehydration because salt concentrations

increase as blood volume drops

Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is ____________ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm ____________

lower; contract

Animals that eat a broad variety of foods, including plants and animals, are

omnivores

Which is not a major part of the immune system?

pancreas

The cells in the ovary that give rise to the mature egg cells are the

primary oocytes

Emphysema is caused by destruction of the walls between alveoli, leading to hyperinflation of the lungs. In the lungs of a person with emphysema, there will be a decreased

uptake of oxygen

Which description is correctly matched with its term?

Innate defenses--able to defend against any pathogen

Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?

the fetus and mother are not genetically identical.

Birth control pills contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone. What effect would this have on the anterior pituitary?

It would secrete more gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

They would be immunocompromised.

The steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that raises blood pressure is

aldosterone

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)

allergy

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

antibody

A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

antigen

Which of the following STIs is caused by a protist?

trichomoniasis

The causes of PMS are clearly related to hormonal fluctuations, but they are not yet fully understood. (t/f)

true

Cardiac output may increase by

both a greater than normal stroke volume and heart rate

The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood

carbon dioxide

In mammals, a muscular ________ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.

diaphragm

Fertilization of a secondary oocyte normally occurs in the

fallopian tube

Since fever is not always present, it is an example of adaptive immunity. (t/f)

false

The process that unites the male gamete with the female gamete in organisms that reproduce sexually is termed

fertilization

In a secondary oocyte, meiosis is arrested in metaphase II until

fertilization occurs

If you wanted to sample most of the fluid found in the semen before sperms are added, you would need to cut into the

seminal vesicle

The tightly coiled structure/s inside the testes that produce the sperm cells is/are the

seminiferous tubules

Which statement about sexually transmitted infections is wrong?

STIs are unique to humans

Which is an example of active immunity?

a person receiving an injection of antibodies, antibodies produced when the flu arrives

The homeostasis of water in organisms is affected by

all answers are correct (blood composition, nutrition, sweating when internal temperatures are too hot, salt concentrations)

Fever is considered a defense mechanism because it

all answers are correct (inactivates some viruses, speeds up the rate of phagocytosis, reduces the iron level in the blood, kills some bacteria)

What would occur if the lymphatic system was absent?

all answers are correct.

Mature human sperm cells

are haploid

In the pulmonary circulation, ___________ is expelled from the blood and __________ is picked up

carbon dioxide; oxygen

If you observe an immune reaction by involving a cytotoxic T cell, it is a

cell-mediated response

The ends of the uterus that opens to the vagina is the

cervix

Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish that the circulatory system cannot?

collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues

Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?

coronary artery

The gland that forms from ruptured follicle cells in the ovary and secretes estrogen and progesterone is the

corpus luteum

Ocean water is much saltier than a fish's cells, so the animal loses water by osmosis, mostly at the gills. How would a saltwater fish osmoregulate?

drink seawater and use active transport at the gills to get rid of excess salts

The stage of human development that occurs from implantation to about eight weeks after fertilization is the

embryonic stage

Which is a role of bile?

emulsifying fats

If you see cytotoxic T cells, you know that a humoral response is underway. (t/f)

false

The renal vein transports oxygen-rich blood to the kidney. (t/f)

false

Human reproduction can result in a

genetically unique offspring

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

helper T cells

The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the

inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

Why does the surface of the oocyte change when the first sperm cell touches the oocyte?

to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg.

The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ______, versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is ______.

to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity

Adaptive immune defenses provide a defense against a specific infectious agent, while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action. (t/f)

true

Genital warts are caused by HPV. (t/f)

true

Gonadropin-Releasing Hormone starts the cascade of hormones that promote sperm production in the human male. (t/f)

true

Heterotrophs must eat to obtain some organic compounds (t/f)

true

If presented with a person who was malnourished because of a refusal to eat, you would diagnose anorexia nervosa. (t/f)

true

The ovarian cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy. (t/f)

true

The primary functional unit of a kidney is the nephron (t/f)

true

When the concentration of solutes in a fluid is higher outside the cell than inside,

water moves out of the cell by osmosis

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a

macrophage

A person can donate blood every two months, platelets every two weeks, and plasma twice a week. In whole blood donation, the blood is collected directly into a bag until it is used in a transfusion. In platelet donation, the platelets are separated from the other blood cells by apherasis and saved; the other blood cells and plasma are injected back into the donor. In plasma donation, blood cells are separated, plasma is removed, and the blood cells are injected back into the donor. Which is the correct order for the time required to replace each blood component from shorted to longest?

plasma, platelet, red blood cell

The structure that secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim is the

prostate gland