chapter 6 integument system
Calcitonin is produced by the ______ cells in the thyroid gland.
parafollicular or C
The release of ______ hormone increases blood calcium levels.
parathyroid or PTH
layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium
periderm
Osteoblasts function to
produce osteoid
The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory products during ______.
puberty
Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of
red blood cells
The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.
reticular; subcutaneous
Within a myofibril, each ______ shortens as the muscle fiber contracts.
sarcomere
Within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional contractile units known as
sarcomeres
fibrous tissue
scar tissue
The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.
shaft
Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called
spongy bone
second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the
sternum
Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.
stratified squamous
Single unit muscle cells contract ______.
together
The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called
transpiration
Functions of bone include
- blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) - support - mineral storage - protection
the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.
- maxilla - mandible - flat bones of the skull
Osteocytes
- they reside in lacunae - they maintain bone matrix
Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).
4
Pilus
A single hair
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is
Calcitonin
______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.
Osteoclasts
Osteitis deformans is also called
Paget's disease
A bone's growth in diameter is called
appositional growth
osseous tissue
bone tissue
Acting as levers for movement is a function of
bones
Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.
canaliculi
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.
concentric lamellae
bone is a type of
connective tissue
Osteoporosis is a disease of ______.
decreased bone mass
The dermis is Blank______ to the epidermis and contains primarily Blank______.
deep; collagen fibers
Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.
dendritic
The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.
epidermal appendages
Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ______.
exocytosis
In a normally functioning muscle, the inability to contract and produce tension is called muscle
fatigue
During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ______ hormone.
growth or somatotropin
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.
merocrine sweat glands
layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis
mesenchyme
Another name for the calcification of bone is
mineralization
Which statements characterize bone remodeling?
- It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. - It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone. - It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.
Which statements characterize canaliculi?
- Nutrients pass through them. - They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions. - They extend from lacuna to lacuna.
Which can cause muscle fatigue?
- buildup of intracellular Pi - Na+ or K+ imbalances - insufficient Ca2+
Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?
- it contains no osteons - it contains parallel lamellae
Which statements correctly describe compact bone?
- it forms the external walls of a long bone - it is solid and relatively dense
Functions of bone include
- mineral storage - blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) - support - protection
Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?
- their numbers vary among osteons - they contain collagen fibers - they are rings of bone tissue
Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?
- they contain collagen fibers - they are rings of bone tissue - their numbers vary among osteons
Bone formation requires
- vitamin D - calcium - phosphate
Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called
canaliculi
As the troponin changes shape (due to binding calcium), it moves the ______ molecule to which it is attached, thus exposing the active sites on the G-actin molecules.
tropomyosin
Upon release from the terminal cisternae, some calcium ions bind to ______ causing it to change shape.
troponin
A muscle fiber is what level of organization in the body?
Cellular
In the development of embryonic skin, the ______ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the ______ gives rise to the dermis.
basal; mesenchyme
When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ______ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.
dehydration or infection
A skeletal muscle cell is also called a muscle
fiber
Blood is released into the wound during the ______ step of a skin wound healing.
first
Smooth muscle cells are ______ in shape.
fusiform
In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______ the process of keratinization begins.
granulosum
Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene. Multiple choice question. eleidin
hemoglobin
a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
hemoglobin
The function of parathyroid hormone is to
increase blood calcium levels
Multiunit smooth muscle cells are stimulated ______.
individually
When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon of a neuromuscular junction, calcium flows ______ the synaptic knob.
into
The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.
merocrine; apocrine
a type of loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone.
mesenchyme
During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles disintegrate, and the cells start to die.
nucleus or nuclei
The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.
nucleus, nuclei, DNA, or nuclear DNA
The process of bone formation is called
ossification
When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called
osteocytes
Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called
osteoporosis or osteopenia
apocrine sweat glands are
simple, coiled, and tubular
The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.
sweat ducts; hair follicles
Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the
upper and lower limbs
waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells
vernix caseosa
The skin is best described as ______.
water resistant
Deep invaginations of sarcolemma are called ______.
T-tubules
Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3
In first-degree burns, the healing time averages about ______ days, and typically no scarring results.
3-5