chapter 6 integument system

Calcitonin is produced by the ______ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular or C

The release of ______ hormone increases blood calcium levels.

parathyroid or PTH

layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium

periderm

Osteoblasts function to

produce osteoid

The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory products during ______.

puberty

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of

red blood cells

The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

reticular; subcutaneous

Within a myofibril, each ______ shortens as the muscle fiber contracts.

sarcomere

Within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional contractile units known as

sarcomeres

fibrous tissue

scar tissue

The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.

shaft

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called

spongy bone

second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the

sternum

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.

stratified squamous

Single unit muscle cells contract ______.

together

The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called

transpiration

Functions of bone include

- blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) - support - mineral storage - protection

the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

- maxilla - mandible - flat bones of the skull

Osteocytes

- they reside in lacunae - they maintain bone matrix

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).

4

Pilus

A single hair

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is

Calcitonin

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

Osteoclasts

Osteitis deformans is also called

Paget's disease

A bone's growth in diameter is called

appositional growth

osseous tissue

bone tissue

Acting as levers for movement is a function of

bones

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

bone is a type of

connective tissue

Osteoporosis is a disease of ______.

decreased bone mass

The dermis is Blank______ to the epidermis and contains primarily Blank______.

deep; collagen fibers

Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.

dendritic

The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.

epidermal appendages

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ______.

exocytosis

In a normally functioning muscle, the inability to contract and produce tension is called muscle

fatigue

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ______ hormone.

growth or somatotropin

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.

merocrine sweat glands

layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis

mesenchyme

Another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

- It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. - It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone. - It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

- Nutrients pass through them. - They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions. - They extend from lacuna to lacuna.

Which can cause muscle fatigue?

- buildup of intracellular Pi - Na+ or K+ imbalances - insufficient Ca2+

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

- it contains no osteons - it contains parallel lamellae

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

- it forms the external walls of a long bone - it is solid and relatively dense

Functions of bone include

- mineral storage - blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) - support - protection

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

- their numbers vary among osteons - they contain collagen fibers - they are rings of bone tissue

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

- they contain collagen fibers - they are rings of bone tissue - their numbers vary among osteons

Bone formation requires

- vitamin D - calcium - phosphate

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called

canaliculi

As the troponin changes shape (due to binding calcium), it moves the ______ molecule to which it is attached, thus exposing the active sites on the G-actin molecules.

tropomyosin

Upon release from the terminal cisternae, some calcium ions bind to ______ causing it to change shape.

troponin

A muscle fiber is what level of organization in the body?

Cellular

In the development of embryonic skin, the ______ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the ______ gives rise to the dermis.

basal; mesenchyme

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ______ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

dehydration or infection

A skeletal muscle cell is also called a muscle

fiber

Blood is released into the wound during the ______ step of a skin wound healing.

first

Smooth muscle cells are ______ in shape.

fusiform

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______ the process of keratinization begins.

granulosum

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene. Multiple choice question. eleidin

hemoglobin

a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.

hemoglobin

The function of parathyroid hormone is to

increase blood calcium levels

Multiunit smooth muscle cells are stimulated ______.

individually

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon of a neuromuscular junction, calcium flows ______ the synaptic knob.

into

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.

merocrine; apocrine

a type of loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone.

mesenchyme

During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles disintegrate, and the cells start to die.

nucleus or nuclei

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

nucleus, nuclei, DNA, or nuclear DNA

The process of bone formation is called

ossification

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called

osteocytes

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis or osteopenia

apocrine sweat glands are

simple, coiled, and tubular

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.

sweat ducts; hair follicles

Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the

upper and lower limbs

waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells

vernix caseosa

The skin is best described as ______.

water resistant

Deep invaginations of sarcolemma are called ______.

T-tubules

Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D3

In first-degree burns, the healing time averages about ______ days, and typically no scarring results.

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