BISC 227 chapter 17

serous, mucous

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.

pancreas

A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the ______________.

enamel of teeth

Dental caries (i.e., cavities) are degeneration of which structure?

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

Describe the wall of the alimentary canal

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in forms that cell membranes can absorb

Digestion

carbohydrates

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.

cephalic; gastric; intestinal

Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase.

bile

Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ___________ that assists with lipid digestion.

teeth

In the mouth, the structures that begin the mechanical digestion of food by breaking it down into smaller pieces are the ______________.

endocrine secretion

Insulin is secreted in what kind of secretion process

stomach

Name the J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

soft palate

Name the structure indicated by the arrow in the picture.

mixing and propelling movements

Name the types of movements in the alimentary canal.

chyme

Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called

pits or pit

Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric ________________.

carbohydrates; disaccharides

Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.

deciduous

Permanent teeth replace milk or ________teeth.

1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa

Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top. -mucosa -muscularis externa -serosa -submucosa

gastric cephalic intestinal

Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the __________ phase, the ____________ phase, and the ____________ phase.

Blank 1: amylase Blank 2: mucus

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___________ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called _____________ , which lubricates the food during swallowing.

hardest; are not

Teeth are the ______ structures in the body and ______ part of the skeletal system.

permanent, deciduous

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

stomach

The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the ________________.

lips

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

tongue

The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.

anterior

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

Blank 1: mucosa or mucous membrane Blank 2: serosa or serous layer

The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the innermost tissues, the ___________, submucosa, muscularis externa, and _____________.

Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: parasympathetic

The alimentary canal is innervated by the ___________and_______________ divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Pharynx

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.

oropharynx; voluntary

The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.

teeth or tooth

The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called ______________.

bicarbonate ions

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.

secretin

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is ____________.

upper; diaphragm

The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.

digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______.

Blank 1: mixing or segmentation Blank 2: propelling or peristalsis

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are ______________ movements that combine food with digestive fluids and _______________ movements that move materials along the digestive tract.

mastication, speech, and sensory perception

The oral cavity functions in ______.

digestive enzymes; insulin

The pancreas secretes ______ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms.

amylase

The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic ______________.

crown

The part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the ________________.

esophagus

The part of the digestive tract indicated by the arrow is the .

root

The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the _____________.

common

The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ______________ hepatic duct.

hard palate; soft palate

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.

cheeks

The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the __________________.

Blank 1: lips or labia

The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the _______________.

saliva

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called

mechanical; chemical

There are two main components to digestion, ______ digestion and ______ digestion.

gastric

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called _____________________glands.

1. mix the contents with fluids 2.move the contents along the tract.

What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal? -chemical digestion of the food -mix the contents with fluids -secrete enzymes to aid in digestion -move the contents along the tract.

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What are the accessory organs?

begin mechanical digestion

What is the function of teeth?

part of the tooth below the gumline

What part of the tooth is the root?

the portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline

What portion of the tooth is the crown?

caries

When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental ___________.

posterior to the parietal peritoneum and posterior to the stomach

Where is the pancreas located?

posterior to oral cavity

Where is the pharynx located?

-polymerizes glucose to glycogen -breaks down glycogen to glucose -converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

1. sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system 2. parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?

mouth

Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

esophagus

Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?

mucosa

Which wall layer is in direct contact with food substances?

uptake of substances

absorption

cec-

blind

blind-ended sac at the origin of the large intestine

cecum

hydrolysis

chemical digestion is done through a process called

juice

chym-

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

chyme

cari-

decay

falling off

decidu-

baby teeth

deciduous teeth

tooth decay

dental caries

opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus

esophageal hiatus

aliment-

food

membranous fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

frebulum

bridle, restraint

frenul-

stomach

gastr-

part of the stomach that secretes gastric juice

gastric gland

liver

hepat-

duct that carries bile from the liver to the bile duct

hepatic duct

opening

hiat-

water digestive

hydrolysis uses _____and ________ ________ to break down the complex molecules

tongue

lingu-

mass of lymphatic tissue at the root of the tongue

lingual tonsil

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces without altering the chemical composition

mechanical digestion

exocrine secretion

pancreatic juice is secreted in what kind of secretion process

around

peri-

waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract

peristalsis

gatekeeper, door

pyl-

muscle that serves as a valve between the stomach and the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

straight

rect-

distal (end) portion of the large intestine

rectum

to soak up

sorpt-

tubelike part of the digestive system

tubelike part of the digestive system

hairy

vill-

tiny projections of mucous membrane in the small intestine

villi

carries out ingestion of food, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption, propulsion, and defecation

what are the general functions of the digestive system?

part of the tooth below the gumline

what part of the tooth is the root

the mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine the anal canal

which organs constitute the alimentary canal